1. Theory of Evolution

2. the preserved remains of ancient organisms
EVOLUTION:
change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
THEORY:
a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
Slides from Brookings Biology
FOSSIL:
the preserved remains of ancient organisms

3. Where did all these different organisms come from?
What is biodiversity?
Where did all these different organisms come from?
How are they related?
Slides from Brookings Biology

4. Charles Darwin H.M.S. Beagle 5 year The person who contributed the
most to our understanding of
evolution was
______________________
In 1831, at age 22, he joined the crew of
the _______________ as a naturalist for
a ________ voyage around the world.
Charles Darwin
H.M.S. Beagle
Slides from Brookings Biology
5 year

5. revolutionary hypothesis life changes
During his travels, Darwin wrote thousands of pages in his journals, drew pictures of the things he saw, and collected a vast amount of ______________ that led him to propose a _______________________ about the way _____________.
evidence
revolutionary hypothesis
life changes
Slides from Brookings Biology

6. While on his voyage around the world aboard the ____________, Charles Darwin spent about one month observing life on the
________________.
There, he encountered some unique animals, such as ______ and ________.
H.M.S. Beagle
Galápagos Islands
finches
tortoises
Slides from Brookings Biology

7. Some were hot and dry, with little vegetation.
The Galάpagos Islands are close together but have very different _______.
Some were hot and dry, with little vegetation.
Others had more rainfall and were rich in vegetation
Each island had
its own _______
____________ of
plant and animal
species.
climates
unique
assortment
Slides from Brookings Biology

8. Giant Tortoises of the Galápagos Islands
Pinta
Tower
Pinta Island Intermediate shell
Marchena
James
Fernandina
Santa Cruz
Isabela
Santa Fe
Hood Island
Saddle-backed shell
Floreana
Hood
Slides from Brookings Biology
Isabela Island
Dome-shaped shell
…while on the lush rainforest of Isabela Island,
tortoises had short necks…

9. same species different isolated
Darwin began to wonder if animals living on different islands had once been members of the ____________ that had developed _________ characteristics after becoming _______ from one another in different habitats.
same species
different
isolated
Slides from Brookings Biology

10. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: In 1785 ______________
proposes that the EARTH
was _______ by
_________________
occurring over
__________ periods of
time, and is
_______________ old.
James Hutton
shaped
geological forces
very long
Slides from Brookings Biology
millions of years

11. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
explains that the geological
processes still _____________
have shaped Earth’s
features over
__________________.
Charles Lyell
occurring now
long periods of time
Slides from Brookings Biology

12. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
SINCE THEN Theory of Pangaea and continental drift
Slides from Brookings Biology

13. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: French naturalist _______________ developed his theory of catastrophes. He studied fossils and found that animal and plant species are destroyed time and again by deluges and other natural cataclysms. After each time and only after, new species evolved.
Georges Cuvier
Slides from Brookings Biology

14. Living things must compete for food, shelter, space, mates
What is competition?
Living things must compete for food, shelter, space, mates
Slides from Brookings Biology

15. insufficient space & food
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking:
_____________________
He observed that babies were being born faster than people were dying. He reasoned that if the human population continued to grow, sooner or later there would be _______________________.
Thomas Malthus (1798)
Slides from Brookings Biology
insufficient space & food

16. Ideas that shaped Darwin’s thinking: ___________________________
was one of first scientists
to recognize living things
_______________ and that
all species were ________ from
other species.
Lamarck published his hypothesis of
________________________
the year Darwin was born.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809)
changed over time
descended
Slides from Brookings Biology
Inheritance of Acquired traits

17. The male fiddler crab uses its
front claw to _________mates and fight off _____________.
attract
predators
Through _________ use, the front claw becomes ________.
repeated
larger
Slides from Brookings Biology
The fiddler passes on this __________ characteristic to its offspring
acquired

18. What’s wrong with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck didn’t know about
genes and how traits are
____________.
If you lifted weights your
whole young adult life, and
then you had children, would
your kids be more muscular?
inherited
Slides from Brookings Biology
NO! ________ traits can ____ be __________ to their offspring.
ACQUIRED
NOT
PASSED ON

19. What’s right with Lamarck’s hypothesis?
Lamarck was first to develop
a scientific hypothesis about
_________ and recognize that
organisms are
________________________.
evolution
adapted to their environments
Slides from Brookings Biology

20. Match the letter of the idea with the man or men who proposed it:
Hutton
Lyell
Malthus
Lamarck
Match the letter of the idea with
the man or men who proposed it:
Slides from Brookings Biology
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass acquired changes on to their offspring
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources, and pass those changes on to their offspring

21. c. Malthus Hutton a. Lamarck Lyell b. d.
Slides from Brookings Biology d.
The earth is really old, and slowly changes
Living things pass acquired changes on to their offspring
Sooner or later growing populations run out of resources
Living things change slowly over time because of competition for resources, and pass those changes on to their offspring

22. Evidence of Evolution includes The fossil record
Geographic distribution of living species
Homologous body structures
Similarities in early development
which is composed of
which indicates
which implies
which implies
Physical remains of organisms
Common ancestral species
Similar genes
Slides from Brookings Biology

23. After Darwin returned to England in 1836
he filled notebooks with his ideas
about _____________ and the process
that he would later call _______.
He did not rush to publish his ideas
because they ________ with the
fundamental scientific ______ of his
day.
He asked his wife to publish
his ideas when he ___.
species diversity
evolution
disagreed
beliefs
Slides from Brookings Biology
died

24. _________________, wrote an essay describing his work in _______ that
In 1858 another naturalist,
_________________, wrote an
essay describing his work in _______ that
summarized the same ideas _____ had
been thinking about for 25 years!
Alfred Russel Wallace
Malaysia
Darwin

25. Suddenly Darwin had incentive to publish the results of his work!
____________________
presented _______
and proposed a
________ for evolution
that he called
__________________
On the Origin of Species
evidence
mechanism
NATURAL SELECTION

26. Isn’t evolution just a theory?
A theory is a ____________, _______, explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world, like the theory of __________________, ________, and _____________.
well-supported
testable
gravitational attraction
cell theory
atomic theory

27. WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
_________________ is found
naturally in all populations
GENETIC VARIATION

28. WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
______________________
means that members of each species
must ________ for food, space, and
other __________.
STRUGGLE FOR EXISTANCE
COMPETE
RESOURCES

29. WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
Some organisms in a ________
are ________ to survive.
population
less likely

30. WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
_____________________ organisms which are better adapted to the environment will ______ and ________, passing on their _____.
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
survive
reproduce
genes

31. VOCAB survive and reproduce fitness Ability of an individual to ______
____________ in its specific
environment
= ______
survive
and reproduce
fitness

32. ADAPTATION VOCAB Any ___________________ that
increases an organism’s ______________
= _____________
inherited characteristic
chance of survival
ADAPTATION

33. Over time, natural selection results in ________ in the
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
Over time, natural selection
results in ________ in the
inherited characteristics of a
__________.
These changes ______ a
species’ _____ in its environment.
CHANGES
POPULATION
increase
fitness

34. ____________________________
WHAT IS DARWIN’S THEORY?
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
____________________________
suggests that each species has
___________, with ________,
from other species over time.
This idea suggests that all living
species are ____________________,
and that all species, living and extinct,
share a _________________.
DESCENDED
CHANGES
RELATED TO EACH OTHER
COMMON ANCESTOR

35. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION:
________________
3. _______________
4. _______________
5. _______________
6. _______________
7. _______________
Artificial selection
Fossil record
Geographic Distribution
Homologous structures
Embryology
DNA
See Natural selection happen

36. mutation sexual reproduction
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION WORKS
In artificial selection, ____________
provides the _________ through
_________ and _________________
and ______________ those traits that they find ______.
NATURE
variation
mutation sexual reproduction
humans select
useful
EX: We have selected for and bred cows to produce more milk, turkeys with more breast meat, etc.

37. Breeds of Dogs Chihuahua – bred from Techichi of Mexico
by Mayans, had religious significance
Saint Bernard – bred by monks around 1050 A.D.
to rescue travelers of mountain passes in the
Swiss Alps between Italy and Switzerland
Irish Wolfhound – bred in Ireland to
hunt wolves and elk
Dachshund – bred in Germany as early
as the 15th century to hunt badgers

38. How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
2. The Fossil Record –
______ are the _______
_________________
found in layers of rock
in the Earth.
Fossils
remains
of ancient organisms

39. How Do We Know Evolution Happens?
The layers of rock tell the history of the
_____, while the _____ found within
the rock tell a history of ___.
The fossils are thought
to be the ________ as
the rock they
are found in.
Earth
fossils
life
same age

40. TRANSITIONAL FOSSILS HAVE BEEN FOUND

41. Fossil record shows change over time

42. closely related different species geographic
If Darwin’s theory is supported you would expect to find ____________ yet _______________ living in a
_________ region as they spread into nearby habitats and evolve.
closely related
different species
geographic
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

43. THE GALAPAGOS TORTOISES
Tortoises adapted to different habitats as they
spread from the mainland to the different islands.
= DIVERGENT EVOLUTION = ADAPTIVE RADIATION

44. The _____ of Galapagos finches have ______ to eating a _____ of _____.
beaks
adapted
variety
foods

45. different species far apart more alike
If Darwin’s theory is supported you would also expect to find _______________ living in ________ geographic regions
but similar habitats becoming ________ as they adapt to ______________.
different species
far apart
more alike
similar ecosystems
That’s EXACTLY what we do see!

46. Whales and sharks have a _____ body design
even though they are very _______ organisms
(one is a fish; the other, a mammal)
because they have _________________ to living in a _____ environment.
similar
different
independently adapted
similar
= CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

47. Whales are closely related to wolves, but don’t look or act much like them
= divergent evolution
Conclusion:
The pressure of
the environment
drives evolution
Whales are distantly related
to sharks, but look and act more
like them =
convergent evolution

48. 4. _____________________
HOMOLOGOUS Structures
They are parts of the body that are similar in structure to other species' comparative parts.

49. 4. Homologous Body Structures –
Structures, like the limbs of vertebrates, look very _______,
but are made from the
__________, because
they are made from
the same clump of
_____________ cells
in the _______.
different
same bones
undifferentiated
embryo

51. homologous body structures
Some _______________________
are _______ and have no useful
function even though they are still present, like ________in whales and boa constrictors, or a ____ and ________________in humans.
homologous body structures
vestigial
hipbones
tail
cecum (appendix)

52. Most mammals have a pouch between their small and large intestine that contains bacteria to digest plants called a _____.
cecum
In humans the cecum
is shrunken and unused.
It is our _________
appendix

53. Why grow a tail and then lose it?
HUMAN EMBRYO
_________________
has a tail at 4 weeks
Tail disappears at
about 8 weeks

54. Why would an organism possess organs ___ ________________? with
Skinks are a type of lizard. In some species, legs have become so small they _______
______ in walking.
no longer
function
Why would an organism possess organs ___ ________________?
with
little or no function
One explanation:
The ________ is present to make the organ, but
_________________ through ______________.
If the organ is not vital to survival, then
natural selection would not cause its elimination.
gene code
function has been lost
change over time

55. Similarities in Embryology
5. _____________________
________ of many animals with back-
bones are very similar.
Similarities in Embryology
Embryos

56. It is clear that the same groups of _____________ cells develop in the same order to produce the same tissues and organs of all vertebrates, suggesting that they all _______ from a _______________.
undifferentiated
evolved
common ancestor

57. 6. _______________
Similarities in DNA
Similarities in ____ and ________ sequences
suggest
relatedness
DNA
PROTEIN

58. Similar _________ suggest an ___________________.
Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes
karyotypes
Similar _________ suggest an ___________________.
evolutionary relationship

59. 1. ________________________
BANDING PATTERN MATCHES
1. ________________________
If you take the two smaller chromosomes apes have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the ______ _______________ to the #2 human chromosome __ ________________.
banding
pattern is identical we
have that they don’t

60. 2. ____________________
TELOMERES IN MIDDLE
2. ____________________
Chromosomes have special sequences called _______ at their ends to protect the strands during replication.
telomeres

61. → → → 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE at the ends ALSO IN THE MIDDLE fusing
Telomere sequences are found __________ and _____________________ of human chromosome #2 suggesting it was made by _____ two other chromosomes together.
at the ends
ALSO IN THE MIDDLE →
fusing →

62. → EXTRA CENTROMERE 3. _________________ INACTIVE CENTROMERE
Chromosome #2 has a second __________ _____________ region
INACTIVE
CENTROMERE →

63. Did you ever wonder why dogs and cats don’t need to eat ________, but
_______?
fresh fruit
YOU DO

64. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and most mammals can make their own _________, but humans need to eat fresh fruit or they end up with ________.
VITAMIN C
SCURVY

65. Human DNA contains the gene that codes for the enzyme to make vitamin C, but it is ________________.
Guess what other group of organisms lack the ability to make their own Vitamin C?
NONFUNCTIONAL
PRIMATES…
which includes
chimpanzees, orangutans,
gorillas, and other apes.

66. Humans have many other nonfunctional vestigial genes called ________________.
EX: Humans have more than 99 different odor receptor genes, but more than 70% of them are ___________.
PSEUDOGENES
nonfunctional

67. Why does evolution matter now?
Can see Natural selection happen
7.____________________________
EX: Peppered Moths
There is a natural variation in populations of peppered moths.
________________
___________________
Typica
Carbonaria
Typica form - lighter
Carbonaria form - darker

68. The ___________ form was the predominant form in England _____________________________.
Around the middle of the 19th century the ______ form began to appear. It was first reported in By % of the moths in Manchester were the ____ variety.
In recent years, the burning of
cleaner fuels and Clean Air
regulations has reduced the
pollution there and the
______ colored moths
have increased in numbers.
light colored
prior to the Industrial Revolution
darker
dark
lighter

69. 7.____________________________
EX: Changes in disease-causing microbes that produce new organisms and __________.
_______
___
__________________________
Can see Natural selection happen
new diseases
Bird flu
HIV
Antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis

70. Natural Selection: Genetic Drift:
Process by which species adapt to their environment
Genetic Drift:
Mechanism for evolution
Change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population
Entirely random process (unlike natural selection)
It doesn't work to produce adaptations