1. Ch 09 Population Solutions China/ India
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6

2. D. SOLUTIONS: INFLUENCING POPULATION SIZE
Can the world sustain a rising population without causing widespread environmental damage?
More consumers = more growth, and people are the world’s resource as consumers and as problem solvers.
Some feel that limiting population is a violation of their religious beliefs.
Basic necessities of life are not provided for one out of six people today.
To maintain a reasonable quality of life on the planet and for all its people requires some limits on everyone.

3. Demographic Transition hypothesis : transition states that as countries become industrialized, first their death rates and then their birth rates decline in four stages:
Preindustrial stage: little population growth due to high infant mortality.
Transitional stage: industrialization begins, death rates drops and birth rates remain high.
Industrial stage: birth rate drops and approaches death rate.
Postindustrial stage: birth rate equaling the death rate and resulting in zero population growth.

4. SOLUTIONS: INFLUENCING POPULATION SIZE
Some developing countries may have difficulty making the demographic transition.
Figure 9-14

5. Some countries run the risk of getting caught in the transitional state and economic conditions will not be available to sustain the population
Developed countries are not helping developing countries economically.
There will not be capital and resources to support rapid developing economies.

6. Family planning has been a major factor in reducing the number of births and abortions throughout most of the world.
Family planning has been responsible for at least 55% of the drop in TFRs in developing countries
Family planning has also reduced both legal and illegal abortions per year
Almost one-half of pregnancies in developing countries are unplanned and 26% end in abortion
Women want to limit their pregnancies but have no access to contraceptives

7. Family planning success can be improved through these methods:
Target programs to teenagers and unmarried, sexually active women.
Develop programs for educating men about their responsibilities for the children they father
Provide more effective means of birth control for men
Women tend to have fewer children if they are empowered to:
Be educated.
Hold a paying job outside the home.
Do not have their human right suppressed.
Go to firefox with all the links ready for domestic abuse in India.

8. E. SLOWING POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA AND CHINA
For more than five decades, India has tried to control its population growth with only modest success.
Since 1970, China has used a government-enforced program to cut its birth rate in half and sharply reduce its fertility rate.

9. Illiteracy (% of adults) 47% 17% 36% Population under age 15 (%) 20%
Percentage
of world
population
17%
India
20%
China
1.1 billion
Population
1.3 billion
Population (2050)
(estimated)
1.4 billion
1.6 billion
Illiteracy (% of adults)
47%
17%
36%
Population under age 15 (%)
20%
1.6%
Population growth rate (%)
0.6%
2.9 children per women (down from 5.3 in 1970)
Total fertility rate
1.6 children per women (down from 5.7 in 1972) 58
Infant mortality rate 27
Figure 9.15
Global connection: basic demographic data for India and China in (Data from United Nations and Population Reference Bureau)
62 years
Life expectancy
70 years
Percentage living
below $2 per day 80 47
$3,120
GDP PPP per capita
$5,890
Fig. 9-15, p. 186

10. India has tried to control its population growth for years.
Efforts to limit population have not been especially successful because:
Poor couples believe they need several children for work and care.
There is a strong preference for male children so many do not use birth control
Poor planning, bureaucratic inefficiency, and lack of administrative financial support have all contributed to this policies failures.

11. China’s Family Planning Program
Population growth in China has been controlled by a strongly enforced government program.
Couples with one child are rewarded with extra food, larger pensions, better housing, bonuses, free school tuition, and preferential employment treatment for the child.
Currently, China’s TFR is 1.6 children per women
83% of married women use modern contraception, provided free by the government

12. Problems:
Strong male preference leads to gender imbalance.
Women are forced to undergo abortions and sterilization.
Couples who had more than one child faced economic penalties.
Average population age is increasing.
The health clinics that used to provide basic health care for rural farm population collapsed in the 1980s, now 9 of 10 rural Chinese have no health insurance or social safety net
China’s population has an enormous environmental impact that may affect its production of food.
Show china’s pyramid chart

13. HUMAN ASPECTS ON NATURAL SYSTEMS
We have used technology to alter much of the rest of nature in ways that threaten the survival of many other species and could reduce the quality of life for our own species.
We need to maintain a balance between simplified, human-altered ecosystems and more complex natural ecosystems.
By learning how the earth works and work with its natural processes, we can increase our own quality of life

14. Natural Capital Degradation
Altering Nature to Meet Our Needs
Reduction of biodiversity
Increasing use of the earth's net primary productivity
Increasing genetic resistance of pest species and disease-causing bacteria
Elimination of many natural predators
Deliberate or accidental introduction of potentially harmful species into communities
Using some renewable resources faster than they can be replenished
Interfering with the earth's chemical cycling and energy flow processes
Relying mostly on polluting fossil fuels
Figure 9.17
Natural capital degradation: major ways humans have altered the rest of nature to meet our growing population, needs, and wants. QUESTIONS: Which three of these items do you believe have been the most harmful? How does your lifestyle contribute directly or indirectly to each of these items?
Fig. 9-17, p. 188