1. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Lab 1
Blood

2. Background:
I. Blood is a connective tissue composed of formed elements (cells and cell fragments) and intercellular material (plasma)

3. Blood Sample Centrifuged

4. Objective 1 Plasma Characteristics
Plasma is the extracellular (intercellular) material of the connective tissue, blood:
Characteristics:
90% H2O
10% solutes:
plasma proteins (albumin, antibodies, clotting proteins)
nutrients (eg, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins)
hormones
wastes (eg, urea, uric acid, creatinine)
dissolved gases (CO2, O2)

5. Lab Objective 1:
In this exercise, you will obtain a sample of sheep plasma and determine its:
color
clarity pH
consistency

6. Formed Elements: cells and cell fragments
Red Blood Cells (RBCs): anucleate cells that carry oxygen; there are 4-6 X 106/mm3 blood
White Blood Cells (WBCs): nucleated cells that provide immunity; there are 5,000 – 9,000/mm3 blood
Platelets (thrombocyte) cell fragments used for hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding); there are ,000 – 400,000/mm3 blood

7. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes):
1. Are biconcave discs that lack nuclei and organelles
2. Contain hemoglobin (Hb) which binds to O2
3. They are the most numerous formed element
4. They have a “biconcave” shape
5. Their diameter averages 7.5 m.

8. There are five types of leukocytes organized into two classes:
Agranulocytes: Granulocytes: lymphocytes basophils monocytes neutrophils eosinophils

9. Platelets (Thrombocytes):
1. Are fragments derived from bone marrow cells (megakaryocytes)
2. They contain granules but no nuclei or organelles
They are smaller than RBCs
They are used to prevent blood loss (hemostasis)

10. Objective 2
You will identify each of the formed elements on a prepared blood smear that has been stained with Wright’s stain
Wright’s Stain is a mixture of two dyes:
1. Methylene Blue: a basic dye that stains acidic components deep blue/purple
2. Eosin: an acidic dye that stains basic components red/deep pink/orange

11. Drop of Blood

12. Methylene blue (blue dye)
Different stains can be applied – one popular stain is a differential stain called Wright’s Stain. Wright’s stain is a mixture of eosin and methylene blue.
Methylene blue (blue dye)
has a positive charge and stains negatively charged substances (acids found in some granules, and DNA and RNA)
structures that combine with methylene blue are called basophilic
Eosin (red dye)
has a negative charge and stains positively charged substances (bases found in some granules, and hemoglobin)
structures that combine with eosin blue are called acidophilic
Eosin/Methylene Blue Complex
stains neutral substances (such as components of some granules) lilac

13. When blood is smeared onto a slide, dried and stained with Wright’s stain, the individual formed elements (including types of WBC’s) can be distinguished:
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Platelet

14. Granulocytes: Neutrophil: 40 – 70% of the circulating WBCs
m in diameter
- 2-5 nuclear lobes
- pale staining, lavendar granules

15. Eosinophils:
- 1-4% of the total circulating WBCs
m in diameter
- have a bilobed nucleus
- bright reddish/orange/pink cytoplasmic granules

16. Basophils:
- 0 – 1% of the total circulating WBCs
m in diameter
- unsegmented or biloed (usually) nucleus
- deep blue/purple cytoplasmic granules

17. Agranulocytes: Lymphocyte: - 20 - 45 % of the total WBC count
- size ranges from 5 m (small) to m (large); small lymphocytes predominate
- nucleus is round or slightly oval; it may be indented
- clear blue cytoplasm that may be seen only as a ring around the nucleus
Small lymphocyte Large lymphocyte

18. Monocyte - 4-8 % of the total WBC count - 14-24 m in diameter
- nucleus is horseshoe shaped or kidney shaped
- abundant blue gray cytoplasm that may contain vacuoles

19. Platelets appear as small, granular cell fragments (2-3 m in diameter) that may occur singly or in clumps

20. Objective 3
A differential white blood cell count is performed to determine the relative percentage of each type of WBC
It is used to detect diseases, such as acute infection, chronic infection, allergy, parasitic diseases, anemia, HIV infection, and others

21. In this activity, you will systematically scan a prepared slide and observe 100 white blood cells
- identify each one and record your data to determine the relative percentages of each type of WBC
# observed
% = X 100
# counted

22. Each of the leukocytes exists within a range of normal values in peripheral blood.
Type of Leukocyte Normal % #/100 Cells If Elevated?
Neutrophil % acute infection
Eosinophil 1-4% allergic reaction, parasitic infection
Basophil <1% ???
Lymphocyte % 20-45
Monocyte 4-8% chronic infection

23. Activity Blood Typing
Pretested blood samples will be tested for the presence of A, B and Rh agglutinogens
Type A Type B Type AB Type O
Clinically Important Blood Groups Include the ABO System

24. And the Rh System – which includes the D agglutinogen
Rh+ Rh-

25. Blood Type is determined by determining which aggutinogens are present on RBC surfaces:
Type A Type AB Type B-
Type AB Type O-

26. Agglutinins are antibodies that combine with agglutinogens and cause a clumping reaction called agglutination +
Type B Cells Anti-B agglutinin
Agglutination

27. To determine the blood type of a sample, mix separate drops of a blood sample with anti A agglutinin, anti B agglutinin and anti-D agglutinin:
Blood Typing Slide With 3 Drops Of Blood To Be Tested, One Drop In Each Well

28. Add Anti-A serum to this well and mix
Add anti-D serum to this well and mix
Make sure that you use a separate toothpick for mixing in each well…………….
Add Anti-B serum to this well and mix
If the agglutinin in the antiserum binds to agglutinogen you will soon observe agglutination

29. For example: Type B+ Type B- Type O+ Anti A Anti D Serum Serum
Anti B Serum
Type B Type B Type O+

30. This is what agglutination will look like !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

31. Safety Precautions for Dealing With Blood Samples:
Wear gloves
Wear goggles
Do not test your own blood – use our samples
Place any materials that contact blood in bleach solution immediately after use
5. Avoid spilling the samples – do not carry the slides or samples from place to place. If there is a spill, cover with bleach solution immediately and notify your lab instructor