1. Civil servants and public sector employment
Nick Manning
May 2001

2. Overview What is special about civil servants?
The scope of civil service laws
Who are civil servants?
How are they rewarded?
How many are there and how much do they cost?
When do pay and employment need to be reformed?

3. What is special about civil servants?
appointed rather than simply hired
constraints on dismissal
constrained in their actions
within civilian central government or subnational government

4. The scope of civil service laws

5. Who are civil servants?

6. How are they rewarded?
personal emoluments
total compensation

7. Keep in mind
in OECD base pay is rarely below 90% of personal emoluments
allowances in developing countries can be very high
allowances not always easily traceable in the budget
intangible benefits can be significant

8. Allowances can lead to significant wage distortions

9. How many are there and how much do they cost?

10. When do pay and employment need to be reformed?
no hard and fast metrics!
public sector wage bill as % of GDP or as % of total public sector spending
govt. employees as % of total population or as % of total employment
average wages compared to per capita GDP
recruitment growth rate