1. Politics in States and Communities (15 Ed.)
Thomas Dye and Susan MacManus
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2. Politics and Civil Rights
Chapter 15
Politics and Civil Rights
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3. Learning Objectives
Evaluate the extent to which city government policies have changed as a result of minority incorporation into the political system.
Trace the legal status of segregation from the Civil War through Brown v. Board of Education.
Categorize the states according to their response to the Supreme Court’s mandate to desegregate public schools, describe the resistance to desegregation in the South, and discuss the response of the federal government in desegregation.
Demonstrate how de facto segregation results in racial imbalance in public schools, discuss efforts to address this imbalance through bussing, and evaluate whether and under what circumstances such efforts are worthwhile.
Explain why the Civil Rights Act and fair housing laws were necessary for ensuring the civil rights of African Americans and other minorities.
Describe how affirmative action programs are designed to increase the equality of results in the United States; outline the Supreme Court decisions related to affirmative action; explain why some are opposed to affirmative action; and discuss the efforts they have pursued to end the practice.
Describe the size of the Hispanic population in the United States; and outline the characteristics of Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans.
Trace the political mobilization and voter turnout of Hispanics, and describe their partisanship and ideology.
Trace the history of the legal relationships between the United States and Indian nations, and describe the current status and governments of Indian nations.
Describe the extent to which the American population is disabled, and describe the protections afforded to Americans with disabilities through the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Describe the prohibitions against age discrimination afforded to Americans.
Describe the prohibitions against gender discrimination that are codified in federal law and Supreme Court decisions, describe the earnings gap between men and women, and evaluate whether comparable worth should be instituted to narrow this gap.
Compare “pro-life” and “pro-choice” attitudes about abortion, trace abortion restrictions imposed by the states at various times, and discuss the Supreme Court decisions related to abortion.
Trace the expansion of gay rights from the Stonewall riots through the Supreme Court’s recent decision about the Defense of Marriage Act, and list various gay rights issue areas that are covered by state laws.
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4. From Protest to Power
African Americans and Hispanics have made huge progress in recent years. These two minorities were almost excluded from city politics before the 1960s.
Policy consequences of minority representation:
Black elected officials take unemployment and poverty issues more seriously than whites of the same cities. They are also likely to add more racial relations and race-related distribution to city jobs and services.
Political participation will increase among the black population.
Election of black mayors reduces fears among whites about consequences of electing blacks.
Reduction of racial polarization in voting
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5. The Struggle Against Segregation
“Separate but equal”: The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that held segregated facilities lawful; reversed in 1954
NAACP: The largest African American civil rights organization, played a prominent role in reversing “separate but equal”
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka: The 1954 Supreme Court decision that held “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional; huge symbolic importance
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6. State Resistance to Desegregation
Segregation in the states: In 1954, 17 states and D.C. required segregation in public schools; 4 others made it a local option
Resistance: Using various schemes, resistance to school integration was the policy of the 11 states of the Old Confederacy
Federal funds: Civil Rights Act of 1964 threatened loss of federal funds to states that refused to desegregate
Unitary schools: In 1969, Supreme Court said every school district was obligated to end dual school systems “at once” and “now and hereafter”
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7. Segregation Laws in the United States in 1954
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8. Racial Balancing in Schools
Racial Balance
Federal Court Supervision
Cross-District Busing
When Is Desegregation Complete?
When Is Racial Balancing Constitutional?
Continuing Racial Separation and “White Flight”
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9. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Fair Housing:
Anti-discrimination in the sale and rental of housing to minorities
Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed both houses of Congress by better than a two-thirds favorable vote; it won the support of both Republican and Democratic members of Congress
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10. Affirmative Action Battles
Continuing Inequalities
Policy Choices
Constitutional Issues – The Bakke Case
Affirmative Action as a Remedy for Past Discrimination
Cases Questioning Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action and “Strict Scrutiny”
Ending Racial Preferences by Initiative and Referenda
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11. Minority Life Chances
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12. Hispanics in America
Hispanics are now the nation’s largest minority, at 16.3 percent of the population.
Mexican Americans: Have won governorships and election to Congress, but political power still less than population percentage
Puerto Ricans: Are citizens, though the commonwealth island has no voting member of Congress
Cuban Americans: Tend to be better educated and higher paid than other Hispanic subgroups
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13. Minorities in America
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14. Hispanic Politics
Political mobilization: Organizing of farm workers in 1960s led to increased political activity throughout the Southwest
Voter turnout: Made up 10 percent of the electorate in 2012, but still lower than percentage of general population
Partisanship: Generally favor Democratic Party, though Cuban Americans more Republican
Ideology: Generally conservative on social issues like abortion, liberal on economic issues like national health insurance
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15. Native Americans and Tribal Government
The Trail of Broken Treaties
Indian Wars
Federal Policy Reversals
Native Americans Today
Tribal Government
Tribes versus States
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16. Native American Reservations and Trust Land
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17. Americans with Disabilities
Some 57 million Americans, 19 percent of population, have some kind of disability.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Requires “reasonable accommodations” that do not involve “undue hardship”
Mental and learning disabilities: Act protects the rights of people with psychiatric disabilities, not just physical ones
Lawsuits: Act has led to a flood of lawsuits against private businesses as well as state and local governments
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18. Age Discrimination
Age discrimination was first addressed in the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967.
The ADEA and its amendments forbid age discrimination against people who are 40 or older.
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19. Gender Equality Employment Gender Classifications Education
The Earnings Gap
Comparable Worth
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20. Battles Over Abortion Early State Laws Roe v. Wade
Reactions in the States
Abortions in the States Declining; Use of Contraception Rising
Abortion Restrictions
Reaffirming Roe v. Wade
“Partial-Birth” Abortions
Abortion Battles in the States
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21. Restrictiveness of State Abortion Laws
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22. Politics and Sexual Orientation
Privacy Rights
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”
Same-Sex Marriage
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
AIDS
State Laws
The Politics of Sexual Orientation

23. Generation Gap: Changing Attitudes toward Same-Sex Marriage

24. On the Web
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
National Organization for Women
American Civil Liberties Union