1. Chapter 9
Jazz

2. The birth of jazz Shortly after the War of 1812 From New Orleans, LA
Instruments included trumpets, trombones, clarinets, saxophones, and drums
A mixture of traditional ethnic music, gospel, blues, ragtime, classical (from Creole musicians)

3. Jazz – a musical form distinguished by its reliance on improvisation and its rhythmic urgency
Polyrhythmic – juxtaposing two or more different rhythms
Eubie Blake, James P. Johnson, and Earl Hines set norms on “stride piano”

4. “Jelly Roll” Morton Ferdinand Morton Perfected Dixieland Jazz –
Perfected Dixieland Jazz –
small ensemble, one of each
instrument, blend of
simultaneous improvisation
Black Bottom Stomp

5. Scat singing – a form of vocal improvisation on nonsense syllables
Break – a measure or two where everyone stops playing except the soloist
Scat singing – a form of vocal improvisation on nonsense syllables
Ella Fitzgerald - One Note Samba
She was discovered as a 17 year old during a singing competition at the Apollo Theater. She was the first black woman to win a Grammy Award. She died in 1996 in California.

6. Louis armstrong 1898-1991 From New Orleans Trumpet, vocals
Nicknamed – “Satchmo”
What A Wonderful World

7. With style of “hot jazz” sizes of band expanded
Hotter Than That – Lil Hardin

8. Reaching chicago
New style of jazz (1930s)– swing – the special rhythmic character that jazz musicians give to the music
Fletcher Henderson developed swing style and expanded jazz ensembles to compliment the style
Brass section – 3 trumpets, 2 trombones
Reed section – 3 or 4 saxes (double clarinets)
Rhythm section – drums, piano, guitar and double bass
Henderson Stomp – trading fours

9. Big band era Mid 1930s, music was primarily for listening, not dancing
Benny Goodman – clarinetist, Russian-Jewish immigrant family, “King of Swing”, first/only major jazz artist to have a parallel career in classical music
Lester Young – played tenor sax, ushered the transition from clarinet to sax
32 bar form – AABA form, standard jazz form
Bridge – a connective part of a composition

10. Composers
Duke Ellington – one of the most important American composers, wrote over pieces, “It Don’t Mean a Thing” – sung by Ella Fitzgerald, “Cotton Tail”
Chromatic – incorporating tones from a musical scale consisting entirely of half steps
Mary Lou Williams – popular female composer, Zodiac Suite (Gemini)

11. 1940s and bebop
Bebop – a complex and sophisticated type of improvised jazz, for listening rather than dancing
Smaller ensemble than big band/swing, more freedom to improvise

12. Bebop musicians John Birks “Dizzy” Gillespie – trumpet
Charlie “Yardbird” Parker – alto sax
Made melodies more chromatic, harmonies and rhythms became more complex, rapid tempos and dazzling technical displays
“Shaw Nuff” by Gillespie and Parker

13. 1950s – return to Dixieland and Ragtime styles, developed new styles “rhythm and blues” and “modal jazz”
Dorian Mode – a scale with the pattern of WHWWWHW
Miles Davis – pioneer of modal jazz, “So What”
Thelonious Monk – “Smoke Gets in Your Eyes”

14. 1960s/70s – “free jazz”, similar to modal jazz, just more complex
Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, and Quincy Jones – pushed new style of “fusion” – combination of jazz and rock
“Birdland” - fusion
“So Danco Samba” - Latin
“I Got You” – blues
“Easy Listening” – Norah Jones, Kenny G