1. Figure 5.1 Discharging characteristics of a primary cell.

2. Figure 5. 2 Cross-sectional diagram of a modern dry cell
Figure 5.2 Cross-sectional diagram of a modern dry cell. The cathode mix is composed of powdered carbon and manganese dioxide in an aqueous paste of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride electrolytes.

3. Figure 5. 3 Cross-sectional diagram of an alkaline battery
Figure 5.3 Cross-sectional diagram of an alkaline battery. The anode mix is composed of zinc powder in a gelled aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide. The separator is a cation-selective membrane. The cathode mix is made of manganese dioxide and carbon powders in the same KOH solution.

4. Figure 5. 4 Cross-sectional diagram of a button cell
Figure 5.4 Cross-sectional diagram of a button cell. The cathode mix is composed of powdered carbon and various high-oxidation-state metals.

5. Figure 5.5 Simplified cross-sectional diagram of a sodium-sulfur cell.

6. Figure 5.6 Schematic diagram of a hydrogen-air fuel cell.

7. Figure 5. 7 Schematic diagram of a vanadium redox battery
Figure 5.7 Schematic diagram of a vanadium redox battery. The solution composition throughout each pumped loop changes steadily during discharge and charge.