1. DEVELOPMENT AND DEPILLARING WITH CONTINUOUS MINER

2. Diagram of a mine with longwall and
continuous mining system

3. Room and Pillar working – utilising continuous mining systems

4. FIRST WORKINGS First workings are conducted for two main reasons:
To develop the pillars, bords and/or panels to enable their subsequent extraction, and
To develop multiple main entries for access to the coal reserves. These entries are supported in the long term by the pillars consequently formed.

5. FIRST WORKINGS
The number of development headings driven in any area of workings can vary between two and eight.
This is dependent primarily on the purpose of development, and the second method of working together with the following factors:
Mine capacity,
Pillar and /or pillar and panel system relating to depth of working, productivity and panel extraction system,
Number of continuous miner units operating,
Coal clearance system,
Men and material transport, and
Ventilation.

6. FIRST WORKINGS

7. Typical Development Layout
The standard layout consists of a five road development, with the main conveyor and feeder breaker positioned in the central roadway. This provides working areas to carry out all the main development functions:
One heading for the CM to be cutting
One heading ready for cutting
One heading for ventilation rearrangement and survey work
One heading for cleaning by LHD
One heading for supporting by Quadbolter

8. OPEN ENDED LIFTING – METHOD A

9. OPEN ENDED LIFTING – METHOD B

10. SPLIT AND FENDER This is the most common method of pillar mining.
The pillars are usually square or rectangular with dimensions dependent on the depth of working. Typically a pillar dimension of 45 x 45 meter is used at depth of around 450 m.
Basically the pillars developed by the first working are split into sub-pillars and the fenders are then lifted (mined).
The width of the lift is governed by the length of the continuous miner, roof conditions and support rules of the individual mine.
Generally the split is supported by roof bolts or other means of supporting, depending on the timing of the mining.
Roof bolting and W-straps were supplemented with timber props and bars.

11. SPLIT AND FENDER
The lifting operation took place usually towards the goaf side with the pillar, with the basic philosophy of working adjacent to a competent rib. 
However, in mines with competent roof conditions, lifting from both sides of the split was possible, and with the approval of mine inspectorate. 
When extracting on both left and right, pillars up to four meters in width were left in the fenders to provide temporary support.
However, the current system of splitting with mobile breaker line supports, lifting from both sides of the split is standard practice.
A small stook (support Buttress) of coal seam ( min width 2.0m) is normally left to control caving, particularly on the goaf side.  

12. Typical De-pillaring layout

13. PRICE LIST OF DIFFERENT MACHINERIES IN THE CM PANEL
Sl.
No.
Equipment
Quantity
Country of Origin
Unit Price
US $
Total Price 1
Continuous Miner 12CM15-10D
1 no.
USA
2,791,265.00 2
Shuttle Car
10SC32B
2 no.
RSA
934,617.00
1,869,234.00 3
Feeder Breaker
BF14B-3-7C
743,312.00 4
Quad Bolter
Australia
1,183,225.00 5
Electrical Equipment UK
971,115.00
TOTAL PACKAGE VALUE – US DOLLARS 7,558,151.00
(US Dollars Seven million Five hundred Fifty Eight thousand one hundred Fifty One only)

14. SHUTTLE CAR 10SC32

15. ROLE OF SHUTTLE CAR IN THE OVERALL PROCESS.
The function of shuttle car is to transport the coal that is sheared by continuous miner from the face to the place where feeder breaker is installed.
Capacity of a 10SC32 shuttle is tons and the fill factor is about 0.85.

16. Joy Shuttle Car Model 10SC32B Specifications
General
Type : JOY 10SC32
Operating voltage: 1050 V
Voltage Rating: ±10%
Total Rated Power: 202.6kW
2 × 85 kW Traction Motors
1 × 18.6 kW Conveyor Motor
1 × 14 kW Pump Motor
Weight 20,500kg (approximately) empty
Cubic Capacity : 10.19cu meters
Dimensions (l × w × h): 8.99m × 3.05m × 1.31m
Ground clearance: 290mm (Nominal)
Ground Bearing Pressure: 520 kPa empty; 830 kPa loaded
Gradient (in line of advance): Below 6 degrees. If greater than 6 degrees, a new gear with reduction of 66.56: 1 could be used.
Cross gradient: not greater than 5 degrees
Total Service Life: 1.5 million tones

17. SPLIT AND FENDER

18. SPLIT AND FENDER

19. SPLIT AND FENDER

20. Split and Lift using Breaker Line Supports

21. Split and Lift using Breaker Line Supports

22. Breaker Line Support (BLS)
Advantages.
Greater positive setting loads and roof support on goaf edge .
Cost saving in timber usage to defray their capital cost.
Able to be reset to the new breaker line position as extraction takes place faster than timber breaker lines can be set.
Increases potential continuous miner cutting time and productivity.
Through remote control they remove the active goaf edge area personnel who would be required otherwise to set the breaker-line props thus further improving safety.

23. MOBILE BREAKER LINE SUPPORT

24. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

25. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m) 1 2
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

26. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel3 1 2
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

27. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel3 4 1 2
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

28. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line) 5 3 4 6 1 2
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences 6
Extraction sequence
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

29. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 3 7 4 6 8 1 2
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

30. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 7 9 3 4 6 8 10 1 2
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

31. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 9 3 7 4 11 6 8 10 12 1 2 13
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

32. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 9 3 7 4 11 6 8 10 12 1 2 13 14
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

33. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 7 9 3 4 11 15 6 8 10 12 1 2 13 14
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

34. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 7 9 3 4 11 15 16 6 8 10 12 1 2 13 14
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

35. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 3 7 9 4 11 17 15 16 6 8 10 12 18 1 2 13 14
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

36. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 9 3 7 4 11 17 15 19 16 6 8 10 12 18 20 1 2 13 14
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

37. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 9 21 3 7 4 11 17 15 19 16 6 8 10 12 18 20 22 1 2 13 14
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

38. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 9 21 3 7 4 11 17 15 19 16 23 6 8 10 12 18 20 22 24 1 2 13 14
BARRIER PILLAR
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

39. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 3 7 9 4 11 17 15 19 21 16 23 27 6 8 10 12 18 20 22 24 1 2 13 14 25 28
BARRIER PILLAR 26
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

40. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel5 3 7 9 4 11 17 15 19 21 16 23 29 27 31 6 8 10 12 18 20 22 24 30 32 1 2 13 14 25 28
BARRIER PILLAR 26
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m) 6
Extraction sequence
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

41. BARRIER PILLAR Proposed Monitoring Scheme CM1 Panel
Remote Reading Telltale (3m + 10m)
Remote Rib Exto. (3m + 10m) 5 7 9 3 4 11 17 15 19 21 16 23 30 27 32 6 8 10 12 18 20 22 24 29 31 1 2 13 14 25 33 28 35
BARRIER PILLAR 34 36 26
Pillar stress cells (5m + 10m)
Breaker lines installed for 3 rows before extraction commences
Extraction sequence 6
2 x 2.4m SG bolts (breaker line)
Breaker lines installed during pillar split
Auto warning telltale (single height 10m – trigger 5mm)
Auto warning telltale installed during pillar split

42. OLD BEN METHOD – PANEL AND PILLAR EXTRACTION
Developing multiple headings, usually three, to the limits of the area to be extracted.
These panels, along with newly formed pillars (in the virgin coal) were extracted in retreat.
Here, the secondary development consisted of three roads, leaving reserves for pillar extraction on either side.
The total panel width was greater than 200 m.
Tertiary development, consisting of three roads, was done towards the end of the panel to increase overall extraction.
From this development, short fenders were then developed and extracted.

43. OLD BEN METHOD – PANEL AND PILLAR EXTRACTION

44. OLD BEN METHOD – PANEL AND PILLAR EXTRACTION

45. WONGAWILLI METHOD
The Wongawilli system was developed at Wongawilli Colliery in the southern coalfield of New South Wales in the early 1960s.
Generally with the Wongawilli system, a panel is created by a secondary development consisting of three to five roads and leaving a continuous pillar of coal between the development and the previously caved area.
The pillar is normally between 50 m and 150 m wide and is extracted by developing and extracting 7 m wide ribs in a modified split and lift system.
The pillars formed by the development are extracted as the rib extraction retreats. As a result of the length of the rib pillars, this method resembles a shortwall face.

46. WONGAWILLI METHOD
This method was developed to provide a single working place to extract coal in a stress-relieved area and to utilize the coal seam as support during extraction.
An overall extraction of 90 per cent was achieved by this system.

47. WONGAWILLI METHOD
The main disadvantages of the Wongawilli system area:
➤ Excessive floor lift when splitting successive headings in a large panel
➤ Difficulties when removing stooks on the return run out of each heading
➤ Difficulties with ventilating rib pillar panels when the roof caves completely, thus filling voids in the goaf area and choking the ventilation flow.

48. WONGAWILLI METHOD
1. Provision of a single working place 2. Extraction of coal in stress relieved areas 3. Maximise extraction of the seam, 4. Simple system readily understood by all employees.
The method provides; a) A straight goaf line b) Simple ventilation system, with air being coursed via the goaf, and c) Working within de-stressed areas.

49. WONGAWILLI METHOD

50. Rib pillar extraction method

51. Rib pillar extraction method

52. Rib pillar extraction method – systematic cutting and support sequence

53. Rib pillar extraction method – systematic cutting and support sequence

54. Rib pillar extraction method
Panel Layout and Cutting Sequence
The area allocated to rib-pillar mining is divided into workable sections, and the primary development normally consists of four roadways from the main development to the limit of the remnant. The two outer roads are utilized as return airways, and the two inner road travelling and conveyor-belt roads. The inner roads also serve as intake airways
The secondary development consists of three roads, two being intake airways and one a return airway.
Cross conveyor installations are used to ensure that the tramming distance for shuttle cars is minimized.