1. English Pronunciation
An overview
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2. Vowels : monophthongs short long
long: /i:/ bean /u:/ boot /ɑ:/ barn /ɔ:/ born /ɜ:/ burn
short: /ɪ/ tin /ʊ/ tuna /e/ ten /ʌ/ run /ɒ/ rob /ə/ about intermediate: /æ/ tan

3. Vowels: diphthongs
long: /eɪ/ pain, gain, main, slain /aɪ/ fine, mine, wine, dine, sign /ɔɪ/ boy, toy, coy, soy /aʊ/ house, mouse, louse /əʊ/ bone, cone, dome, zone, tone /ɪə/ beer, deer, dear, here, mere /eə/ bear, care, dare, mare, stare /ʊə/ tour, endure, sure, cure

4. Consonants Obstruents Obstruents
plosives: /p,b/ pond, bond /t,d/ torn, dawn /k,g/ old, gold
fricatives: /f,v/ feel, veal /θ,ð/ think, this /s,z/ sink, zinc /ʃ,ʒ/ pressure, measure /h/ hall

5. Consonants
Nasals: /m/ map, mass, math /n/ nap, nasty, nobody /ŋ/ pang, bang, sing Approximants: /l/ lip, list, like /r/ rip, rest, roast /j/ yes, yet, yawn /w/ what, where, when

6. Spelling rules:
Plural endings: /ɪz/ , /s/ , /z/
- /ɪz/ : after /s,z,ʃ,ʒ/ in buses, roses, bushes, ridges, kisses, Joyce’s
- /s/: after /p,t,k,f,θ/ in lips, lights, books, coughs, moths, smokes, Jack’s
- /z/: after /b,d,g,v,ð,m,n,ŋ,l/ and all vowels in tabs, loads, bags, loves, booths, storms, pens, kings, balls, trays, bars, goes, Mary’s …

7. Spelling rules: Past participle endings /ɪd/ , /t/ , /d/
- /ɪd/ after /t,d/ in fitted, loaded
- /t/ after /p,t,k,f,θ,s,ʃ/ in helped, knocked, stuffed, pronounced, leashed
- /d/ after /b,g,v,ð,z,ʒ,m,n,ŋ,l/ and all vowels in stabbed, bagged, loved, breathed, diagnosed, staged, combed, mined, longed, snarled, showed, starred,…

8. Spelling rules /i:/ Examples:
Neat, complete, see, receive, chief, police
Rule:
/i:/ nooit voor r: hearing, near (= /ɪə/)

9. Spelling rules /ɪə/ Examples:
Tear, deer, here, pierce, idea, real, theory, museum

10. Spelling rules: /ɪ/ Examples: Lip, guild, city, coffee, manage, loaded
Exceptional spellings:
With e: pretty, England
With u: busy, business
With o: women

11. Spelling rules: /e/ Examples: Bed, bread, ready Exceptional spellings:
With a: any, many, Thames
With ay, ai: says, said, again
With u: bury, burial

12. Spelling rules: /æ/ Examples:
Land, comparison, transparent, arid, swam, quack
Exceptional spelling:
- With ai: plaid, plait

13. Spelling rules: /eə/ Examples:
Dare, variable, fair, Sarah, swear, there, their
Rules:
All words ending in –are, -ary (vary) and derivatives (various)
All words ending in –arian, -arium, -arius (vegetarian)
Exceptions: with ea: bear, pear, swear, tear, wear

14. Spelling rules: /ɑ:/ Examples: Bath, card, aunt, half
Exceptional spellings:
With –er: Berkshire, clerk, Cerby, Hertford(shire), sergeant
With –ear: heark, haert, hearth

15. Spelling rules: /ʌ/ Examples:
Nut, curry, son, (m)other, one, dove, country, thorough,
Exceptional spellings:
With –oo: blood, flood
With –orr: worry
With con-: conjure, constable

16. Spelling rules: /ɒ/ Examples:
Watch, quality, coffee, bomb, sorry, holiday, foreign, moral
Exceptional spellings:
With –au: Austin, Australia, Austria, because, laurel, Maurice, quarrel, sausage, Vauxhall
With –other: bother

17. Spelling rules: /ɜ:/ Examples: Bird, learn, serve, word, turn
Exceptional spellings:
- With –our: adjourn, journal, journey, courtesy, scourge, courteous

18. Spelling rules: /ʊ/ Examples:
Put, bull, sugar, bosom, wolf, woman, foot
Rules:
/ʊ/ nooit aan het eind van een woord
-oo = /ʊ/ alleen bij: foot, good, gooseberry, hood, soot, wool, stood, wood, wool, cook, took

19. Spelling rules: /ɔ:/ Examples:
All, law, sore, door, boar, aural, oral, born, war, sure, fought, daughter, (a)broad

20. Spelling rules: /u:/ Examples:
Soon, lose, group, shoe, chew, nude, fruit, blue
Rule:
-/u:/ never before –r: touring, moor = /ʊə/

21. Spelling rules:
/ʊə/
Examples:
Tour, Europe, moor, cure, skewer, jury

22. Spelling rules: /eɪ/ Examples: Ace, plain, may, veil, grey
Exceptional spelling:
With –ea: break, great, steak, Yeats, Reagan, McLean

23. Spelling rules: /aɪ/ Examples: Line, mind, fight, die, eye, (n)either
/aɪ/ rarely before –r: hire, higher, pirate

24. Spelling rules:
/ɔɪ/
Examples:
Loin, boy, buoy

25. Spelling rules:
/əʊ/
Examples:
Old, shoulder, row, load, goes, though

26. Spelling rules: /aʊ/ Examples: Down, mouth, row Rule:
/aʊ/ never before –r: hour, scour

27. Spelling rules for consonants:
/θ/ of /ð/
Note:
-th = /t/ in posthumous, thyme, Anthony, Esther, Mathilda, Thames, Thomas, Theresa, Thai(land)
Initial th-:
/ð/ in that, the, this, these, those, they, them, their, there, then, than, thus, although
All other words had /θ/
Medial –th-:
/ð/ in gather, leather, mother, father, rhythm
/θ/ in author, method, pathos
Final –the: altijd /ð/
Final –th: /θ/ behalve in booth, to mouth, smooth en with

28. Spelling rules for consonants:
/s/ of /z/
ss, c, sc = /s/ lascivious, mice, lesson
But: ss = /z/ in dessert, dissolve, hussar, possess(ion) and scissors
Final –s = /s/
behalve in as, does, has, his, is, was
Behalve in lens, series, species, Mrs, Ms
Behalve in Dickens, Williams, Leeds, Knowles, ..
words in –ns = /ns/ defense, rinse
Words in –rs = /s/ conversation, university, coarse
Exceptions: lens, cleanse, Mars, parse

29. Spelling rules for consonants
/ʃ/ in –ci, -ti, -Csi, -Csu
Musician, Confucian, attention, nation, fission, tension, pressure, excursion, censure
/ʒ/ in Vsi, Vsu, zu
Vision, evasion, measure, usual, seizure

30. Spelling rules for consonants:
/g/ or /dʒ/
Before i,e and y the letter g = /dʒ/
In German or /g/ in Gertrude
/g/ in goal, bargain
-g = /dʒ/ in margarine, goal

31. Spelling rules for consontants:
/f/ or /v/
- f, ph = /v/ only in nephew, Stephen, of

32. Spelling rules for consonants:
/j/ or /dʒ/
Initial j is always /dʒ/ in jam, jet, Jones
Initial y is always /j/ in yet, yoke

33. Silent letter
Silent letters: ch?v=dj7RzVxe764

34. Silent letters No /h/ in heir, honest, honour, hour and derivatives
exhaust, exhibit, exhibition, exhilirate, exhort and derivatives
Annihilate, forehead, shepherd, vehement, vehicle

35. Silent letters
Word final –gm and –gn = /m/ and /n/ In diaphragm, deign, reign, sign

36. Silent letters
Word initial kn-, gn-, mn- = /n/ In knight, gnat, mnemonic

37. Silent letters
Word final –mb and -mn = /m/ In climb, limb, plumber, comb, tomb, womb, autumn, condemn, solemn But derivations have /mn/ in autumnal, condemnation, solemnity

38. Silent letters
Word initial ps- = /s/ In psyche, pseudo, psychiatrist, psychology

39. Silent letters In hasten, moisten, soften, often
Word final –ten = /n/after s and f
In hasten, moisten, soften, often

40. Silent letters
Word final –tle = /l/ after s In castle, jostle, thistle, mistletoe

41. Silent letters
No /w/ in Who(m), whose, whole, whooping-cough, shore And words beginning with wr- In wrench, write, wrong, wreath

42. Silent letters
No /b/ in Debt, doubt, subtle, subtlety

43. Silent letters
r= /r/ when a vowel immediately follows in the same word or a following word In arrow, far away, awry But not in Far West, storm, my pleasure

44. The end
Practice makes perfect!