1. HUBERT KAIRUKI MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY.
TOPIC:DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS
FACILITATOR: PROF. MASALAKULANGWA MABULA
PRESENTOR: Daniella Dann Deodatha Tumaini
Lecton Moris Joan Joseph
Japhet Faustus Daniel Amos
Stella Fanuel Darling Chiragwire
Hellendinah Mercy Kavishe

2. CONTEXT INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES DEFINITION OF TERMS MAIN DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCE

3. Development Patterns
Group 1 HKMU MD1 and BScN 1

4. Introduction
Development patterns focuses on the developmental sequence for the emergence of physical characteristics, motor, language and social skills.
They are associated with approximate ages which are called the “norms”
These are not steadfast patterns but give a rough guide as to what is the average for a child at that age.

5. Objectives
To explain where development patterns emerged from and the psychologists who developed the theories
To discuss the research methods of development
To explain the different stages of development from birth to adult hood
To discuss possible causes of slow development and factors affecting development

6. Definition of Terms
Development is defined as a gradual change or growth from a lower to a higher level.
A theory is a framework that organizes and gives meaning to ideas and actions, and to guide decisions.
Child development is a field of study that seeks to understand all aspects of human growth and development from birth to adulthood.
Theories are: Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Ecological, Psychosocial and Psychosocial cognitive Theories.

7. Main discussion 5 areas of Development. Physical Intellectual Social
Emotional
Moral
5 Characteristics of Development
Development is similar for everyone
Development builds on earlier learning
Development proceeds at an individual rate
The different areas of development are interrelated
Development is continuous through out life

8. Psychoanalytic Theories
Freud
Birth to 1½ yrs
1½ to 3 yrs
3 to 6 years
6 yrs to puberty
Puberty onward
Oral Stage
Infant’s
pleasure
centers on
mouth
Anal Stage
Child’s
pleasure
focuses on
anus
Phallic
Stage
Child’s
pleasure
focuses on
genitals
Latency
Stage
Child
represses
sexual
interest
and develops
social and
intellectual
skills
Genital
Stage
A time of
sexual
reawakening;
source of
pleasure
becomes
someone
outside of the
family

9. Freud Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Personality has 3 parts- Ego, Super Ego and Id
There are 5 stages of psychosexual development
Oedipus complex allows child to identify with same- sex parent
Fixation is an unresolved conflict during a stage of development

10. Psychosocial theories
Erikson
There are 8 stages of psychosocial development
Each has a unique developmental task
Developmental change occurs throughout life span
Key points of psychoanalytic theories:
Early experiences and family relationships are very important to development
Unconscious aspects of the mind are considered
Personality is best seen as a developmental process

11. Erikson’s Stages Developmental Period
Trust vs Mistrust
Infancy (first year)
Autonomy vs shame & doubt
Infancy (1 to 3 years)
Initiative vs guilt
Early childhood (3 to 5 years)
Industry vs inferiority
Middle and late childhood
Identity vs identity confusion
Adolescence (10 to 20 years)
Intimacy vs isolation
Early adulthood (20s, 30s)
Generativity vs stagnation
Middle adulthood (40s, 50s)
Integrity vs despair
Late adulthood (60s onward)

12. Cognitive Theories Piaget 4 stages of Cognitive Development.
1. Birth to 2yrs old: sensorimotor stage- Understanding of the world developed by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions.
years old: Preoperational Stage:- child represents world with words and images. Words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action
yrs old: Concrete Operational Stage: Ability to reason logically about concrete events. Classify objects into different sets
yrs old: Formal Operational Stage:- Adolescent can reason in abstract idealistic and logical ways.

13. Piaget Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory
Four stages of cognitive development in children
Cognitive processes are influenced by biological maturation
Stresses conscious mental processes
Assimilation and accommodation underlie how children understand the world, adapt to it, and organize their experiences

14. Ecological Theories Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory:
States that environmental factors influence development
5 environmental systems affect life-span development
Eclectic theoretical orientation:
Selects features from other theories
No one theory has all the answers
Each theory can make a contribution to understanding life-span development

15. Chronosystem Political philosophy School system Economic patterns
Family
School & classroom
Religion & groups
Peer group
Chronosystem
School system
Political philosophy
National customs
Economic patterns
Social conditions
Cultural values
Community
Mass media
Medical institutions
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory of Development

16. Socio Cultural Cognitive Theory
Vygotsky
Agreed that children are active learners, but their knowledge is socially constructed.
Cultural values and customs dictate what is important to learn.
Children learn from more expert members of the society.
Vygotsky described the "zone of proximal development", where learning occurs.

17. Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura
Stated that behaviour influenced both environment and a persons cognitive aspect. Where as environment influenced both behaviour and cognition and cognition influenced environment and behaviour
Stressed how children learn by observation and imitation.
Believed that children gradually become more selective in what they imitate.

18. Bandura’s Social Cognitive Model
Behavior
Person
(cognitive)
Environment

19. summary
The developmental changes can be physical, intellectual, social, emotional and moral development.
There are different theories which explain development patterns such as social cognitive, socio cultural cognitive, ecological, cognitive, psychosocial, psychoanalytic theories.
Freud’s psychosexual theory has five stages which are oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital stages. And he divided the human personality into id, ego and super ego.
Erikson’s psychosocial theories has eighty stages each having unique developmental task which occur throughout the life span.
Piaget’s cognitive theory has four stages which are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational stages which are all influenced by biological maturation.

20. Conclusions
In Developmental Patterns, The norms indicate the tendencies physical characteristics, motor language and social skills though they can not be ideal due to the great variability between children.
Though development may include physical development in aspects of cephalocaudal development, proximodistal development and differentiation and integration development. These are detailed description of general patterns of growth and change in the locomotory system, visuo-perceptual skills, social behavior, language and communication.
The theories used to explain the development pattern can be implemented to solve or explain patients behavior in medical treatment basing on heredity(nature), Environment and interactional theories.

21. Recommendations
Urie Bronfenbrenner ecological theory suggests that five environmental system affect life span development, which can be useful to organize and access for our life span development.
Eclectic theoretical orientation suggest that no theary has all the answers, thus selecting specific features from other theories can help understand life span development.
In medical fields children assessment can be done by referring to the Bandura theory which implies children become selective in what they imitate.

22. References
Bronfenbrenner, Urie (1979). The ecology of human development, experiments by nature and design. Cambridge: Havard University Press .ISBN OCLC
Manning M. Lee (September 1988).Erikson’’s Psychosocial Theories help explain early adolescence’’. NASSP Bulletin 72 (509): doi: /
Lemma, Alessandra (2002). Psychodynamic Therapy: The Freudian Approach. In W. Dryden. Handbook of individual therapy . Thousand Oaks, Calif.
Shaffer, David R. (2009). Social and personality development (6th edition). Australia: Wadsworth. ISBN
Cole, Michael; Vygotskii, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge Havard University Press. ISBN OCLC