1. Chapter 32: Dynamics of Change
Section 4

2. Russian Expansion
For centuries, Russian rulers have focused on war and neglected agricultural developments.
1500s, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), expanded eastward into Siberia and to the Pacific
Source of fur, farmland, and mineral resources
Also a place for exiled political prisoners
Russia’s campaign for a warm water port
Peter the great conquered some of Sweden in the Baltic
Catherine the Great conquered some of Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, and some of the Ottoman Empire near the Black Sea
Russia became a multinational nation which led to conflict

4. Revolt and Repression
Serfs wanted freedom and Nobles started to embrace the Enlightenment and French Revolution.
Some hoped for a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain
The Decembrist Revolt – A small group of nobles and army officers tried to over throw the Czar in Czar Nicholas I crushed the revolt, he hung five leaders and exiled hundreds to Siberia
Czar Nicholas I, then banned liberal books, imposed censorship, and spied on many students/professors at universities
He tried to limit landlord powers over serfs but it failed.

5. Decembrist Revolt

6. Anti-Semitism
Jews suffered legal discrimination and the government conducted pogroms, which are organized acts of violence against Jews.
Jews were forced to live in certain areas and had limited access to education and jobs.
Many Jews fled from Russia in the 1800s, many sought refuge in Germany.

7. A Russian pogrom

8. Limited Reform
By the 1800s, Russians started to realize that their political system and economic system was stagnating their countries growth.
The factories has labor shortages due to the fact that serfs were bound to farms
1861, Czar Alexander II freed the serfs and gave them new political rights.
Citizens still lived in poverty due to debt and high taxes.

9. Czar Alexander II freed the serfs

10. Effects of Industrialization
The Middle Class grew and education spread
Better health care and more food led to increased population in the countryside
Land was scarce and living conditions worsened.
Factory workers worked long days for little pay and unions were banned by law.
Strikes and protests started to occur

11. Revolutionary Movements
The rise of Socialism and Marxism
Peasants should lead the revolution
Wanted to end inequality and private ownership
They assassinated Alexander II, which led to suppression by the new Czar
Members moved toward fighting for factory workers and rights for newly freed serfs

12. Karl Marx

13. Bloody Sunday
1904, Father Gapon led a march to Czar Nicholas II and was met with heavy resistance
The marchers wanted better working conditions and political freedoms
A hundred demonstrators were mowed down by gunfire and many more were wounded
The protestors were shocked because they carried portraits of the czar and were still attacked

14. Father Gapon

15. Revolution of 1905
Riots broke out and the Czar formed a Duma, which is an elected assembly
Despite these reforms the Czar was still an autocratic ruler
Inequality remained and so did repression
Peasants, national minorities, middle-class liberals, and factory workers were still disgruntled

16. A Modern Russian Duma