1. Literature and Ethics
C344

2. Role of Literature in the Paper
“Research becomes meaningful only when viewed in the context of the field’s developing knowledge.”
How can the contribution be judged outside of the current state of knowledge?
Citations serve to acknowledge others, direct readers to further information, and place research into the paradigm—either support, or showing a gap

3. Role of Citation in the Introduction
Credibility—the author knows the field
Introduction for non-expert reader
Context of the current state of knowledge
Shows gaps in knowledge
What needs cited? Depends on assumptions about the audience
ASSUME A GENERALLY KNOWLEDGEABLE ORGANIC CHEMIST AUDIENCE

4. Role of Citation in the Results/Discussion
Compare/contrast previous methods
Compare/contrast previous data
Validate experimental design and interpretations
What contribution(s) have been made to the field?

5. Role of Citation in Experimental
Indicates whether or not molecule has been made before
How well does current characterization match previously reported data?
Allows for comparisons of procedure and percent yield

6. Literature and Proposals
We won’t be proposing research based on literature, but here are some questions that can still be useful
What does the field know about the subject?
What studies have been done?
What methods have been used, and how useful were they?
What information is still needed?
Writing in the Sciences, Penrose and Katz

7. Finding Literature: Index
We will use SciFinder Scholar
Free web-based access for IUB students
Advantages of SciFinder
Comprehensive (CAS numbers)
Search on topic, author
SEARCH ON STRUCTURE!
Search reference lists (backwards) or citation lists (forwards)

8. Citing Sources in the Text
Three major types
Name-year
Citation-sequence (most common for us)
Citation-name
Use of names
Direct citation—uses names in text when appropriate
Indirect citation—names only appear in references

9. Format of References DEPENDENT ON THE JOURNAL!
We will follow JOC, and use almost exclusively primary journals as our sources
Format:
Last Name, Initial(s).; Last name, Initials. Journal Abb. Year, Volume, pages.

10. Ethics Academic Misconduct
Fabrication
Falsification
Plagiarism
Types of Plagiarism—Figure 3.4 in Writing in the Sciences
Direct plagiarism of words without quotes and citation
Mosaic—taking ideas and scattered words without credit
Paraphrase—restating ideas in own words without citation
Insufficient acknowledgment—unclear citation that does not allow reader to know what is original and what is borrowed

11. Authorship Academic Misbehavior rather than misconduct
Authorship means
Contribution
Responsibility
Acknowledgments
Where does proofreading come in?