1. History of Cartography
World’s oldest map
Babylonia, 6th century BC

2. Ancient Greeks Eratosthenes (275-195BC) circumference of earth
Hipparchus ( BC)
– latitude / longitude;
Claudius Ptolemy, (AD )

3. Roman world map – reconstruction AD 43 East (Orient) to top

4. The Dark Ages: “T-in-O” map

5. The Medieval period: Thirteenth century “T-in-O” map
The imaginary St. Brendan’s Island

6. 12th century Chinese map
Chinese cartography was more advanced than their contemporaries'. Their maps were accurate and detailed compared to other maps.

7. Arabic cartography: Al-Idrisi 12th century

8. The Renaissance (>1450): Ptolemy’s world is rediscovered

9. First European map showing North America, 1502

10. Chinese map, ?

11. Vinland map: Discovered 1957, radio-carbon dated to ~1440, but containing 1920s inks and radioactive elements from 1950s

12. Magellan’s circumnavigation of the earth 1519-1522

13. Magellan’s circumnavigation of the earth 1519-1522

14. 1569: Mercator’s projection: enabled navigators to plot and follow lines of constant compass bearing

15. Invention of printing press by Gutenberg, 1450
(though movable type was developed in China in 1041 by Bi Sheng)

16. Printing technology: 16th century woodcut

17. Copper engraving (‘intaglio’) 1596

18. 16th century map showing ‘cartouches’ and beasties

19. Early 18th century colour map (hand coloured)

20. Lithographic printing plate (after 1799)
Plate is created ‘wrong-reading’ = mirror image
(as are also woodcut and intaglio)

21. Printing methods Woodcut: image area is raised and holds ink
Intaglio engaving: incised cuts hold ink
Lithography: surface texture (grease) holds ink

22. Photo-lithography (1875) and offset printing (1903)
With photo-lithography , full colour map prints were possible.
Thin copper plates are produced from photo negatives.
Plates wrap around drums, therefore printing was continuous.
An intermediate drum was added to create 'offset printing' (1903)
… to avoid a wrong reading plate.
Tonal gradations of photograph background or hillshading were feasible
Perfect 'registration' of different colours/layers
Offset lithography 1900

23. The development of the sciences 1700 ->
Halley’s ‘isogonic’ map – lines of equal compass
Declination (variation from true north)
The development of the sciences >
Division of topographic and thematic mapping
Development of surveying techniques
Methods of data collection e.g. census

24. Longitude 1759 (Harrison’s chronometer)
Sir Cloudsley Shovell and his grave on the Scilly Isles

26. Review– the graticule /history of mapping
1º longitude = ~ 111 km at the equator, 55.8 km at 60N and 0 at 90N
1º latitude = ~ 111 km (slightly larger towards the poles)
Sign in northern Vermont (As the earth isn't spherical, the halfway point is actually 16 km north of latitude 45 deg.)

27. International Time zones 1878 (based on longitude) by Sanford Fleming Prime meridian set in Greenwich, 1851

28. 1900s National Atlases: The first edition of the Atlas of Canada was in 1906, the world's second national atlas (after Finland)
also online 1994, solely online >

29. 1945
Aerial photography enabled much faster topographic surveying after 1945 – especially remote areas
Vancouver (Stanley Park, downtown, west vancouver, UBC) ->

30. Prince George: early post-war changes viewed on air photos
1944
1957

31. 1960

32. Digital mapping 1980s -> 2000s -> ->
Increased access to data, hardware, software, ……. and travel

33. Digital plotting – ‘small runs’

34. Mars Global Surveyor: Mars Orbiter Laser altimeter
2005: Map viewers: e.g. Google Maps / Earth)
Mars Global Surveyor: Mars Orbiter Laser altimeter
Unprecedented access to map data and onscreen mapping

35. Mars Global Surveyor: Mars Orbiter Laser altimeter
Planetary mapping: e.g. Google Mars (including streetview ? )
MARS: DEM resolution in the z = 30cm from LiDAR