1. The Importance of History
History shows:
Emergence of the state and concept of sovereignty
Development of international state system
Causes and continuing consequences of colonialism and two world wars

2. The Importance of History
History shows:
Changes in distribution of power among states
Theory and practice of contemporary international relations rooted in European experience, leading to a Eurocentric focus

3. Machiavelli (1469–1527)
In The Prince, argued that since there was no universal morality to guide them, leaders must act in the state’s interests, without regard for morality
Argued a universal Christian kingdom was unattainable
Illustrated debate on separation of church and state

4. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Thirty Years War (1618–1648) began as a dispute between Catholic and Protestant groups over supremacy of religious authority
Ended with economic bankruptcy, devastation, and depopulation of Europe

5. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Effects of treaty:
European states embraced notion of sovereignty
Monarchs have political authority, not the Catholic Church
Sovereigns enjoy rights within own territory
Right of noninterference in domestic politics introduced

6. Key Developments after Westphalia
Notion and practice of sovereignty develops.
Permanent national militaries established, which led to increased political centralization
Core group of states that dominated world for 300 years: Austria, Russia, Prussia, England, France, United Provinces
Capitalist economic system emerges in western Europe; feudalism maintained in eastern areas

7. Europe in the Nineteenth Century: Key Principles
Legitimacy: John Locke (1632–1704) argued that:
Political power ultimately rests with the people
Absolutist rule is limited by mankind
State is a beneficial institution created by rational people to protect their natural rights and self- interests

8. Europe in the Nineteenth Century: Key Principles
Nationalism:
People share devotion and allegiance to the nation
Usually based on shared characteristics of the people: common customs, cultural practices, historical experience, and perhaps even language

9. Europe in the Nineteenth Century: Key Principles
Forged an emotional link between the state and the people
Arose from American and French Revolutions
Used by Napoleon Bonaparte to raise an army of 422,000 that marched across Europe

10. Developments in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Concert of Europe
Major powers hold ad hoc meetings to solidify power positions
Affirmed new states and divided Africa among European states
Held together by core beliefs of elite superiority and fear of revolution from the masses

11. Advent of Industrialization
Major focus of states in second half of nineteenth century
Britain is leader; becomes source of financing
Masses flock to cities

12. Explaining Nineteenth-Century Peace
European solidarity: Christian, “civilized,” white
Elites united by fear of revolution
Preoccupied by unification of Germany and Italy and their impact on European power structure
Engaged in territorial expansion outside of Europe— colonialism and imperialism

13. Balance of Power in Nineteenth-Century Europe
States with relatively equal power
When one state or coalition of states is much more powerful than others (asymmetrical balance), war is likely
Form alliances to counteract powerful states
Britain as nineteenth-century balancer

14. Key Developments in Nineteenth-Century Europe
European imperialism in Asia and Africa helps to maintain the European balance of power
The balance of power breaks down due to solidifications of alliances, resulting in World War I

15. Key Developments in the Interwar Years
Three empires collapse: Russia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire
In wake of empires’ collapse, nationalism reemerges and new states are created, although some states lack political and economic viability

16. Key Developments in the Interwar Years
German dissatisfaction with the World War I settlement spurs fascism, and Germany finds allies in Italy and Japan
A weak League of Nations is unable to respond to Japanese, Italian and German aggression, nor does it respond to widespread economic unrest

17. The Aftermath of World War II
Massive human rights violations, particularly genocide, lead to creation of Geneva Conventions
First use of nuclear weapons technology
Emergence of two superpowers—United States and Soviet Union
Decline of Europe
Gradual end of colonialism
Creation of the United Nations

18. The Aftermath of World War II
Differences in geopolitical national interests and ideology (capitalism versus Soviet communism)
Mutual misperceptions fuel suspicion and mistrust
Arms race: mutually assured destruction (MAD)
Development of competing alliances:
NATO versus Warsaw Pact
Competition played out by and within third parties as conflict is globalized

19. The Cold War as a Series of Major Crises
Berlin Blockade (1948–1949)
Creation of two Germanys
Korean War (1950–1953)
Creation of two Koreas
Soviet invasion of Hungary 1956
Cuban missile crisis (1962)

20. The Vietnam War
Proxy wars in Asia, Middle East, Congo, Horn of Africa, Angola
U.S. policy of containment to prevent “domino effect”
Led to questions of United States as a righteous power

21. Explaining the Cold War as a Long Peace
John Gaddis
Key role of nuclear deterrence
Roughly equal division of power led to system stability
U.S. economic hegemony maintained stability within and among its allies

22. Explaining the Cold War as a Long Peace
John Gaddis
Economic liberalism leads to transnational politics and eventual obsolescence of great powers
Long historical cycles of 100–150 years

23. Key Developments in Ending the Cold War
Mikhail Gorbachev institutes glasnost (political openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring), which unravel communist system
Gorbachev’s policies also lead to changes in Soviet foreign policy, such as the withdrawals from Afghanistan and Angola in the late 1980s

24. Key Developments in Ending the Cold War
Soviets give up control of European satellite countries, beginning with Poland, leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall (Nov. 1989)
The Soviet Union begins to disintegrate, formally ceasing to exist on Dec. 25, 1991

25. The Early Post–Cold War Era
Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990 and the multilateral response unites the former Cold War adversaries.
United States becomes biggest military and economic power, while Russia rebuilds after economic and political collapse
Yugoslavia disintegrates via war into independent states; genocide in Bosnia; Serbs attack ethnic Albanians in Kosovo; United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) respond

26. The Early Post–Cold War Era
Widespread ethnic conflict arises in Central and West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
Rwanda: genocide with no international response

27. A New Era? Age of globalization
Al Qaeda terrorist network commits terrorist acts against the homeland of the United States and U.S. interests abroad; U.S. and NATO forces respond militarily in Afghanistan

28. A New Era?
U.S. and coalition forces invade Iraq, alleging preemptive strike against secret weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)
Transnational terrorism
ISIS
“Rise of the rest”