1. The structure and function of life
CELLS
The structure and function of life

2. The Cell Theory Every organism is made of one or more cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things
All cells come from preexisting cells

3. Development of the Cell Theory
Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( )
Developed the 1st simple microscope
Robert Hooke
( )
Made crude compound microscope, studied cork, named the cell
Robert Brown (1831)
Named the NUCLEUS
Matthias Schleiden
(1838)
“Plants are made of Cells”
Theodor Schwann
(1839)
“ Animals are made of cells”
Rudolf Virchow(1855)
New cells come from preexisting ones

4. Every Good Rule Has Exceptions…
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA and reproduce at will, but are much smaller than cells
Viruses are not living, but contain DNA or RNA, and a protein coat. Inside a host, these reproduce like CRAZY. Outside, they show no signs of life
If all cells come from preexisting cells, where did the first cell come from?

5. The Animal Cell

6. The Plant Cell

7. The Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Semipermeable (selectively permeable)
Fluid Mosaic Model: Large transport proteins float in a lipid bilayer. The lipids can actually flow back and forth (hence the fluid part of the theory)
Regulates the cell makeup by regulating the passage of materials
Some Proteins act as RECEPTORS on cell surface. These bind to hormones and other chemical messengers

8. Simplified Membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model
LIPID BILAYER
PROTEIN

9. More Plasma Membrane

10. Diffusion and Active Transport
Diffusion and active transport move things in and out of cells
Which do you think requires energy?
Diffusion: The movement of materials from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration. This is also called passive transport
Active Transport: materials move from LOW to HIGH concentration, requiring energy (ATP).

11. The NUCLEUS Information storage in the form of DNA
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes (coiled DNA) and the nucleolus

12. The Nucleolus
In the nucleus
Makes ribosome parts (RNA)

13. The Mitochondria Involved in AEROBIC cellular respiration
“The Powerhouse of the Cell”
Release ATP

14. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Transports materials throughout cell
System of channels or canals
Chemical reactions take place on the surface, which can be rough or smooth
Rough E.R. contains ribosomes

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum

16. RIBOSOMES Make proteins from amino acids (Look Ma, SYNTHESIS!!!!)
May be attached to the ER or free in the cytoplasm
Look like little dots
Made of RNA

17. Chromosomes Long, threadlike structures in the nucleus
Made of DNA, organized into hereditary units called GENES
Control cell activities mostly by coding for enzymes
Passed on to the next generation

18. Chromosomes

19. Vacuoles Sac-Like structures in the cytoplasm
Stores food, water, or wastes
A food vacuole stores________
A contractile vacuole collects, contracts, pumps out excess ______

20. Vacuoles

21. Golgi Complex A stack of membranous sacs
Used for packaging, transport, synthesis, secretion of cell products

22. Lysosomes Membrane bounded sacs containing digestive enzymes
Involved in digestion and destruction of damaged/old cell parts or cells
“Suicide sacs”

23. Centrioles CENTRIOLES
Found in animal cells, look like cylinders, involved in cell division

24. Chloroplasts Contain Chlorophyll Found in green plants and algae
Sites of photosynthesis

25. The Cell Wall Found in Bacteria, Fungi and Plants
In Plants, made of Cellulose
In Fungi, made of Chitin
In bacteria, made of glycoproteins

26. CILIA and Flagella Responsible for cell motility (movement)
Cilia (pl): many hair-like structures on membrane, beat in coordinated waves. Cilium (sing.)
Flagella (pl): Fewer in number than cilia, wave in a whip-like motion Flagellum (sing.)

27. Flagella and Cilia