1. With help from Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Early 19c
Industrialization
in America:
The Market Revolution
AP US Chapter 15.2
With help from Ms. Susan M. Pojer

2. What was the Market Revolution?
Combination of inventions and improvements that began to move the world to an industrialized, global economy
Three things together:
The creation of the modern factory system
Improved transportation and communication
advancements in agricultural production
Couldn’t have happened without one of these three pieces

3. Why did Europe Industrialize Before America?
America did not need to at first:
Plenty of land
Therefore labor was scarce
Lots of natural resources
But, the resources needed for industrialization remained untapped in the beginning
Not much money for capital investing
Also meant that consumers were scarce
Competition against established British factories was also tough
England also protected the patents to the textile machinery and did not let them out

4. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What were the results of early 19c
industrialization
in America?

5. The
Transportation
Revolution

6. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

7. Cumberland (National Road), 1811
591 miles - finally finished in 1852 with federal and state aid

8. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s

9. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
Steamboats could head upstream at 10mph.
1807: The Clermont
1820 – 60 steamboats on the Mississippi
1860 – 1000 steamboats on the Mississippi

10. Erie Canal System (built 1817-1825)
363 miles
Could now travel from Buffalo (and Lake Erie) to New York City
Buffalo->NYC
Used to be: 20 days and $100 per ton
Now: 6 days and $5 per ton

11. Erie Canal, 1820s
The building of canals gave jobs to out of work frontiersmen and hastened the transition from agricultural to industrial or service labor
Lowering prices for agricultural products initially shook the New England economy – caused agricultural diversification, movement west, or transition to industrial labor

12. Cities along canals and Great Lakes sprang up and expanded
Principal Canals in 1840
Cities along canals and Great Lakes sprang up and expanded

13. Inland Freight Rates

14. Clipper Ships (1840’s-1850’s)
American invention that could outrun the older steamers
Sacrificed cargo space for speed and were quickly replaced by the more stable British iron tramp steamers before the Civil War

15. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track By 1860  30,000 mi.

16. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Immigrant labor built the Northern Railroads.
Slave labor built the Southern Railroads.

17. The Pony Express
Established in 1860 to carry mail the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento, CA
Stations were 10 miles apart where lightweight riders could trade out ponies
Could make trip in 10 days
Went bankrupt in 18 months
Like the clipper ship, the Pony Express was replaced by technology (the telegraph) and was the end of the era of self-reliance and personal or natural energy instead of machines

18. New
Inventions:
"Yankee Ingenuity"

19. Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try anything.
They were first copiers, then innovators.
1800  41 patents were approved, and 306 were registered
1860  4,357 patents were approved and 28,000 were registered

20. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

21. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
The Cotton Gin re-invigorated slavery in the South – now slavery was profitable
The Cotton Gin was necessary to supply the new fabric factories brought to America by Samuel Slater

22. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

23. First prototype of the locomotive
Oliver Evans
First automated flour mill
First prototype of the locomotive

24. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

25. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph

26. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

27. The “American Dream”
They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.
A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

28. The Northern
Industrial
"Juggernaut"

29. Boom/Bust Cycles:
The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

30. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate
Supreme Court Rulings: Fletcher v. Peck 1810 (property rights) Dartmouth v. Woodward 1819 (contracts) McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 (implied powers) Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 (federal power to regulate interstate commerce) Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge 1835 (contracts)
General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848.
Laissez faire  BUT, government did much to assist capitalism!

31. Distribution of Wealth
During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth was in the top 10% of the population.
1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth.
1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth.
The gap between rich and poor was widening!
Social advancement was limited, but still greater than it had been in the Old World
Wages rose 1% per year from prevented revolution

32. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

33. Lowell Mills Time Table
Complete the Lowell Mills Primary Sources Analysis for the Time Table
The federal government set a 10-hour workday for federal projects in 1840, and many states followed

34. Lowell in 1850

35. Lowell Mill

36. Early Textile Loom

37. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

38. New England Dominance in Textiles

39. Starting for Lowell
What were the differences between how society thought the Lowell girls were treated and what their lives were really like?

40. In 1820, half of industrial workers were under 10 years of age
Lowell Girls
In 1820, half of industrial workers were under 10 years of age

41. Women and Factory Work
10% of white women worked for pay outside their homes in 1850
20% of all women had been employed at some point before being married
Most women left their paying jobs when they got married

42. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

43. Early “Union” Newsletter

44. The Factory Girl’s Garland
February 20, 1845 issue.

45. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

46. The Early Union Movement
Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City.
* Early unions were usually local, social, and weak, especially after the Panic of 1837.
* There were a number of strikes in the 1830’s and 1840’s for higher wages
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842).
Ruled that unions were not illegal as long as they were honorable and peaceful
Worker political parties were still ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

47. The
Agricultural
Revolution

48. Changes in Crops
Corn was too difficult to transport so Western farmers turned it into something else
Corn in a bottle – liquor
Corn on the hoof – pigs
Farmers were still looking for more ways to improve profits

49. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831
Changed America from subsistence farming to cash-crop agriculture
Also caused increasing debt for farmers

50. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

51. Farming
In 1830, producing a bushel of grain took 183 minutes. By 1900 it took only 10 minutes with the use of these machines.
The government also helped farmers by creating agricultural colleges through the Morrill Acts.

52. The Agricultural Revolution
What allowed the agricultural revolution to move forward?
How did the agricultural revolution affect the factory system?

53. What's
Happening in
America
by the 1850s?

54. Regional Specialization
EAST  Industrial
SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery
WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”
What will this mean as the country approaches Civil War?
Which groups are connected and how?

55. American Population Centers in 1820

56. American Population Centers in 1860

57. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860
Self sufficient households are disappearing as people begin to work for wages and use the wages to buy goods
This causes the “traditional women’s work” to be devalued
Home becomes a sanctuary from the outer world

58. The Cult of Domesticity
Step 2 in American ideas about women
Cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker
Married women were the moral rulers of their family
Caused by industrialization and wages replacing the self-sufficient household which made women’s work less valued

59. Changing Families Marriage was more for love than before
Families became the emotional center against the harshness of the world
Families shrunk
Fertility rate shrunk by half in the 1800’s
“Primitive” form of contraception was practiced
Meant child centered families – shape the child, don’t break the child

60. The results of early 19c industrialization in America? ECONOMIC?
POLITICAL?
The results of
early 19c
industrialization
in America?
SOCIAL?
FUTURE PROBLEMS?

61. Practice Essay?

62. (altered)2001
The Jacksonian Period ( ) has been celebrated as the era of the “Common man.” To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider both of the following in your response.
Economic development
Politics