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Flaps and Graft Introduction:

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Presentation on theme: "Flaps and Graft Introduction:"— Presentation transcript:

1 Flaps and Graft Introduction:
The surface of the skin is important as biological layer for homeostasis . without skin wounds healed by secondary intention with fibrosis and contracture .

2 Grafts -Tissue that are transferred without their blood supply.
-Its used for closing defect that cant be closed primarily. -It consist of epidermis and some or all of the dermis. -Require vascularization from the bed into which they are placed for survival.

3 Types 1-split thickness skin graft .(theirsch graft)
-cover all size wound. - provides temporally closure. -All the epidermis together with some dermis. -Thicker dermis( brisk punctuate bleeding) the more durable will be the graft difficult will be the donor site healing. -The thicker graft will heal with less contracture. -Thinner donor site heals better. -Hairless and don’t sweat and can be perforated to allow escape of exudates and improve the take.

4 2-full thickness skin graft (wolf graft): -whole dermis with the underling fat trimmed away. 3-composit graft It’s a full thickness skin graft containing element of fat or even cartilage as well for building missing element usually in nose eyelid or finger tip -Both full thickness and composite graft require the best handling and post operative nursing 4-nerve graft usually sural nerve 5- tendon graft : Usually the Palmaris longs or plantaris tendon for injury loss -Full thickness skin graft have the greatest sensory return because of greater availability of neuralimmal sheaths hair follicles which demonstrate the growth of the donor site

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6 How does skin graft survive
a-inhibition phase:(inhibit the plasma). b- kissing phase: 48 hr. later a fine anastamotic connection made which lead to inosculation of blood capillary growth then complete the healing processes with fibro blast maturation which cause adherence of the graft -granulation will support graft ?(no bone/tendon)

7 Donor site : -epidermis regenerates from the immigrations of epidermal cells (hair follicle & adnexial structures). -Donor site my be used again in split thickness graft. -In full thickness graft site must be closed primarily because there are no epithelial structure. Site: Any where site can be used but color, texture, thickness of dermis ,vascularity and donor site morbidity are considerable factor Example :- Skin graft above the clavicles color match with face defect Scalp, abdominal wall , buttock especially in children and thigh are common donor site for split thickness skin graft

8 Flaps -Flaps are tissue that are transferred with a blood supply. Types: 1-Ramdom flaps: 3 sides of rectangle bearing no specific relation ship to where the blood supply enters 2-Axial flaps :much longer based on known blood vessels supplying the skin , enable many long thin Flap to be safely moved across long distance 3-Pedicle island flaps :the axial blood supply can be swung around an a stalk or even fully islanded & the pedicle buried. 4-Free flaps :The blood supply isolated ,disconnected and then reconnected at the new site using micro surgery 5-Composit flaps :Various tissue are transferred together skin with bone or muscles 6-Perforated flaps: it’s a sub group of axial flaps in which tissue isolated on a small perforating vessels

9 Indication of flaps and graft
1-Trauma : - soft tissue lost - Hand and lower limb injuries -Faciomaxilly -Burn 2-Cancer: -skin , head and neck , soft tissue , breast. 3-Congenital : -Clefts and craniofacial malformation -Skin , giant nevi and vascular malformation -Urogenital -Hand and limb malformation 4-Miscellaneous : -Bells (facial palsy) - pressure sore -aesthetic surgery -chest wall reconstruction

10 local flaps Types or pattern
-Its flap that raised next to a tissue defect in order to reconstruct it Types or pattern 1-transposition flap 2-z-plasty for lengthening scar tissue 3-rhomboid flap in chest and back 4-advancement flap for flexor surface 5-rotation flap for convex surface 6-V-Y flap for finger tip 7-Bilobed flap for .for the nose 8-Bipedical flap eyelid

11 Care of the flaps After removal flaps should be observed for 1-Tissue color -If pale and cold mean no arterial inflow -If blue means no venous out flow which some times treated by leech 2-Warmth 3-Turgor 4-Assess blanching and capillary refill time .

12 Distant flaps -myocutaneous flap -fasciocutaneous flap
-To repair defects in which local tissue is inadequate, distant flaps can be moved on long pedicles that contain the blood supply. -These flaps can carry large composite skin parts for reconstruction very great distances, e.g. from the abdomen to the chest (for breast reconstruction), or from the chest to the face. -myocutaneous flap -fasciocutaneous flap

13 Free tissue transfer (or free flap)
Advantages ■ Being able to select exactly the best tissue to move ■ Only takes what is necessary ■ Minimises donor site morbidity Disadvantages ■ More complex surgical technique ■ Failure involves total loss of all transferred tissue ■ Usually takes more time unless the surgeon is experienced

14 Causes of failure Grafts Flaps
1-Pus : B-haemolytics streptococcus can destroy the graft 2-Exudates dead tissue beneath the skin 3-Residual dead tissue beneath the skin 4-Haematoma 5-Shearing forcer Flaps 1-Poor anatomical knowledge 2-To much tension flap 3-Local or systemic sepsis 4-Too tight dressing around the pedicle

15 The best advice is to keep the patient wet , warm and comfortable


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