1. Landscape Development

2. Basic Landscapes Landscapes Hill slopes Stream patterns Drainage basin
_________________- Earth’s surface visible from any given point on the land or from space.
1. __________________________- The angle of slope (gradient) and the shape of hill slopes can be observed, measured, and identified.
2. __________________________- streams can be identified and grouped by patterns.
______________________- area drained by a stream of system of streams.
3.____________________________- soils with similar characteristics.
- grouped on the basis of composition, particle size and shape, organic content, porosity and permeability, and the maturity of the soil (soil horizons).
Hill slopes
Stream patterns
Drainage basin
Soil associations

3. Landscape Regions
Landscape Regions- landscapes with similar characteristics.
- in NYS they are grouped by
1. _______________- a large mass of land which rises to a great height above its surroundings.
2. _______________- large regions having horizontal rock structures at high elevations above sea level.
- streams cut steep valleys in them (gorges).
3. _______________- an extensive region of low elevation where the land is level or gently rolling.
Elevation,
type of bedrock and
stream drainage pattern
Mountains
Plateaus
Plains

4. Reference Table Map
This symbol divides different landscape types. i.e. plains, plateaus or mountains
This symbol divides the same landscape region, just the names are different
- physiographic provinces-
- any continental landmass has several distinctive physiographic provinces.
landscape regions with similar characteristics

5. Factors Affecting Landscapes
Uplifting forces
1. _______________________- Forces which build mountains, enlarge continents, and generally raise or roughen the Earth’s surface. -
2. _______________________- Forces which lower the elevation of the Earth’s surface through subsidence and erosion.
- the major cause of leveling is
Earthquakes, folding, faulting, tilting, volcanic activity, continental drift, sea- floor spreading
Leveling forces
gravity

6. Factors Affecting Landscapes
3. climate- changes in temperature and moisture.
a. arid- steep slopes, angular features.
b. humid-
c. glaciers-
smooth with gentle rolling hills
jagged cliffs or U-shaped valleys, polished bedrock, scratched or grooved bedrock Glacial Features Diagrams

7. Factors Affecting Landscapes
4. running water- the most powerful and important erosional agent in shaping landscapes.
- responsible for the development of valleys and the hills and ridges between valleys.
- streams in arid regions are usually temporary, and often drain into landlocked lakes
(lakes that don’t drain into the ocean)

8. Factors Affecting Landscapes
5. soil associations
- shallow and poorly developed soils-
- well developed soils-
arid regions,
regions with large amounts of rainfall
regions with moderate temperatures and
moderate amounts of moisture

9. Bedrock the big factor!
Bedrock- the characteristic shape of many landscapes is largely determined by the type of bedrock and its structure.
- harder or more resistant the rock weathering and erosion.
- hard rocks produce
- soft rocks produce
_____________________- ridge that separates two gently sloping surfaces.
_____________________- produce circular ridges and escarpments.
less
steep cliffs (escarpments),
mountains and plateaus
more gradual slopes,
weak rocks underlie valleys
escarpment
domed landscape
Pay attention to the diagrams!

10. Drainage Patterns Dendritic pattern
1. _______________________- branches in a way similar to the limbs or roots of trees.
- found on plains and plateaus, where the rock layers are horizontal.
2. _______________________- develops in valley-and-ridge terrain, where rocks of different hardness are folded.
3. _______________________- found where streams radiate out from a central point on a large single peak, such as on a volcano or rounded hill.
4. _______________________- develops in a strongly jointed and faulted area.
5. Annular Pattern - develops where folding has occurred
Trellis pattern
Radial pattern
Rectangular pattern

11. Dendritic
Trellis
Radial
Annular

12. Time and Landscapes: What to look for?
1. young landscape- erosion is beginning. -
Sharp, craggy hills
Steep slope, fast moving streams
Narrow V-shaped valleys

13. Time and Landscapes: What to look for?
2. mature landscape-
Low rounded hills and broad flat valleys.
Streams are no longer eroding downward, but are side cutting.
Building meanders and floodplains

14. Time and Landscapes: What to look for?
3. old landscape-
- area has become a peneplane- a region that has been reduced by erosion to a nearly flat surface. -
Uplands have been eroded to almost sea level
Poor drainage system with almost no gradient,
Many meanders and wide floodplains
Meandering stream

15. Glacial Features 2. Horns- 3-sided peaks 1. Arêtes- jagged ridges
3. Cirques – bowl shaped erosion scars
Hanging valleys

16. Glacial Features 5. Kettles & kames – formed by melt water
Kame – stream flowing on glacier
Kettle- ice blocks
6. Drumlins – elongated piles of glacial till
Glacial Features
Marks end of glacier’s advance
4. Moraines – deposits of glacial till left by glaciers
7. Eskers – snaking hill, stream deposits from under glacier
8. Outwash plains – melt water deposits, sorted by size, has layers of different sediments

17. Glacial Features U-shaped valley Terminal Moraine Recessional Moraine
Glacier Animation
notes