1. Glaciers and Oceans
Yay!

2. Snow becomes Firn

3. Glacial Processes
To view this animation, click “View” and then “Slide Show” on the top navigation bar.

4. Alpine (Valley) Glacier
Continental Glacier (Ice Sheet)

5. FASTEST

6. Continental Glaciers
Zone of Accumulation
Antarctica →

7. Long Island was built by glacial sediment.
The only part of New York that was clearly never covered by glaciers is Allegheny State Park in Western New York State.
Long Island was built by glacial sediment. 7 7

8. Crevasse-cracks, evidence of movement

9. Calving

10. Calving

11. Icebergs

12. Outwash Plain

13. Moraines
Made of till

15. Long Island- Terminal Moraine

16. The Ronkokoma Moraine dips below sea level at Montauk Point
The Ronkokoma Moraine dips below sea level at Montauk Point. This is New York’s most eastern landfall. Note the boulders washed out of the moraine. 16 16

17. The north shore of Long Island has bluffs of glacial till in the Harbor Hill Moraine. The transported rocks of diverse types settle onto the beach. 17 17

18. The sandy beaches along the south shore are composed of sorted outwash sediment.18

19. Glacial Deposits: What’s left?
Drumlins-elongated hills of till
Steeper on side that glacier came from

21. This is pat of drumlin field east of Rochester, NY
This is pat of drumlin field east of Rochester, NY. Note that the trailing ends of the hills are the southern slopes. The north slopes are usually more blunt. 21

24. These kettles are freshly formed in the outwash plain of the retreating Bering Glacier in southern Alaska. In other parts of the country, kettles have turned into lovely ponds surrounded by vegetation.

26. Glacial Deposits: What’s left?
Eskers
Winding ridge of sand deposited by a stream flowing in a tunnel under a glacier
Esker in Canada

28. U-Shaped Valleys

29. Hanging U Shaped Valley
Hanging Valley

31. The Finger Lakes of Western New York State were excavated as U-shaped valleys by the glaciers advancing to the south. Moraines dammed the former south flowing outlet rivers. 31 31

32. Portions of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes looking north from an airplane
Portions of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes looking north from an airplane. Can you match them with the last image? 32

33. The angular and jagged landscapes of the Southwest such as at Monument Valley in Arizona, indicate an area that was never covered by continental glaciers. 33

34. But even the highest of the Adirondack Mountains have rounded summits eroded by the glaciers.34 34

35. Kettle Lake Drumlins Outwash plain Till Glacial Stream
Esker
Outwash plain
Till
Moraine-dammed lake
Glacial Stream
Terminal Moraine

36. Wave Motion/Wave Refraction
To view this animation, click “View” and then “Slide Show” on the top navigation bar.

37. Wave (video & animation)

38. Spits:

39. Jetties

40. Groins

41. Groins

42. Breakwaters

43. Jetties and groins interrupt the movement of sand by beach drift
and longshore currents. Beach erosion often results downcurrent
from the site of the structures.
A. Shoreline of Santa
Monica pier in 1931.
B. Same area in 1949.
The construction of the
breakwater disrupted
longshore transport and
caused seaward growth of
the beach.

44. TOMBOLOS
California
Costa Rica