1. Includes cellular respiration AND Gas Exchange
Human Respiration
Includes cellular respiration AND Gas Exchange

2. Human Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm

3. 1. Nasal Cavity Air enters through the nostrils.
The nasal cavity is lined with a ciliated mucus membrane
This cleans, warms, moisturizes the air

4. 2. Pharynx
Place where the oral and nasal cavities meet

5. 3. Epiglottis
A flap of tissue which covers the opening of the trachea during swallowing

6. 4. Larynx In the top of the trachea Also called the voice box
It contains vocal chords which allows for speech
Bigger in males; a deeper voice requires longer chords, and a bigger housing to keep them in

7. 5. Trachea Called the windpipe
Tube in which air travels from the pharynx to the lungs
Lined with a ciliated mucus membrane
Ringed with cartilage; keeps tube open during breathing

8. 6. Bronchi Singular: Bronchus A branching of the trachea
Lined with a mucus membrane and ringed with cartilage
There are two of these in the body

9. 7. Bronchioles A branching of the bronchi Lined with a mucus membrane
Ends in alveoli

10. 8. Alveoli Singular: Alveolus Lungs contain millions of these
Grape-shaped structures
The walls of these are thin and moist
Surrounded by capillaries
1 cell layer thick
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries
Carbon dioxide and water diffuse from capillaries and are exhaled

11. 6-8. LUNG
Each bronchus with it’s bronchioles and alveoli make up a lung

12. 9. Diaphragm A muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity
It changes the pressure in the chest, causes breathing

13. Figure 42.23ab The mammalian respiratory system

14. Figure 42.23cx1 Alveolar structure of mouse lung

15. Figure 42.23c Alveoli

16. Figure 42.23cx2 Alveolar structure of mouse lung

17. Gas Exchange Oxygen diffuses from alveolicapillaries
It loosely bonds to hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin
The oxygen separates from the blood in the body tissues
Carbon Dioxide and water diffuse from cells into capillaries
Carbon dioxide is carried in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
In lungs, these wastes diffuse from the capillaries into alveoli

18. Breathing Air moves into and out of lungs
Lungs contain no muscles, but are elastic, so how do you breathe?
By pressure changes in the chest caused by:
Changes in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles: muscles between ribs which causes the rib cage to get bigger and smaller

19. Inhalation Ribs push up and out The diaphragm moves down
Makes the chest cavity bigger, which reduces pressure around the lungs
Air rushes in from the outside to fill the lungs

20. Exhalation Ribs move in and down Diaphragm moves up
These make the chest cavity smaller, increasing the pressure, air leaves the lungs

21. Breathing

22. Breathing Rate Controlled by medulla in brain
Breathing center in brain senses CO2 levels in blood
When CO2 is high, impulses are sent to diaphragm which increases breathing rate
As CO2 levels drop, breathing slows
This is called a negative feedback mechanism

23. Disorders of the Respiratory System
Asthma: Allergic reaction where bronchial tubes narrow and make breathing difficult
Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchial tube linings. Swelling causes air passages to become narrowed and mucus filled. Coughing and difficulty breathing is a result
Emphysema: Walls of the alveoli break down. This decreases surface area. Shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, decreased lung capacity is a result

24. The manufacture of ATP from glucose
RESPIRATION
The manufacture of ATP from glucose

25. Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
The only useable form of energy for living cells

26. Cellular Respiration
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions in which the chemical bond energy released by the breakdown of glucose is transferred to the bonds of ATP.
This happens in the mitochondria for aerobic cellular respiration
It happens in the cytoplasm for anaerobic cellular respiration

27. ATPADP + P Conversions
When ATP is hydrolyzed, Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate (P) is produced, and ENERGY is released. This energy is used for the reactions of cell metabolism

28. Here’s the Reaction

29. Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic: Without Air
Also called fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation: In bacteria and animal muscle cells: Glucose2 lactic acid + 2ATP
Alcoholic Fermentation:In yeast: Glucose2 Alcohol + 2CO2 + 2ATP

30. Products of Fermentation
Lactic Acid:
Cheese
Buttermilk
Yogurt
Dill pickles
Alcoholic:
Baking
Wine/ Beer/ Liquor

31. Aerobic Respiration Happens WITH oxygen Here’s the Reaction:
C6H12O6+6O26H2O+6CO2+36ATP
How much more efficient is this than anaerobic respiration as far as ATP production is concerned? Why is this?

32. The Big Picture……
In the Mitochondria