1. Chapter 4 (PART 1) Printing production

2. DEFINITION OF PRINTING
Process for reproducing text and illustrations, traditionally by applying ink to paper under pressure, but today including various other methods.
In modern commercial printing, three basic techniques are used.
Letterpress printing
Gravure printing
Offset printing -

3. Letterpress printing
is the oldest method of printing with equipment and images printed by the "relief" type printing plates where the image or printing areas are raised above the non-printing areas.
Typical products printed with letterpress printing processes include:
business cards,
letterhead,
billheads,
forms,
posters

4. Letterpress printing

5. Gravure printing
is characteristically used for long run, high quality printing producing a sharp, fine image.
Typical gravure printed products include:
Food packaging
Wall paper
Wrapping paper
Greeting cards
Magazines

6. Gravure printing

7. Offset printing
commonly used technique in which the inked image is transferred (or “offset”) from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface.
used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water

8. Offset printing

9. DEFINITION OF PRODUCTION
The processes and methods used to transform tangible inputs (raw materials, semi-finished goods) and intangible inputs (ideas, information, knowledge) into goods or services.
Resources are used in this process to create an output that is suitable for use or has exchange value.

10. PRINTING PRODUCTION
One way to sort out the area of responsibility is to break down the graphic print production flow into eight basic steps.
Strategic work
Creative work
Image and text
Layout
Prepress
Printing
Finishing and binding
Distribution

11. Creating Duotones, Tritones and Quadtones
Monotone means using one ink.
Duotone means using two inks.
Tritone means using three inks.
Quadtone means using four inks.

13. Creating Duotones, Tritones and Quadtones
A Duotone takes a monochrome grayscale image and allows you to take the tonal range, from lightest tones to darkest.

14. Creating Duotones, Tritones and Quadtones
Tritones and Quadtones - you can use a third or fourth colour as well for finer gradations of control.
It takes a while to master Duotones so leave Tritones and Quadtones for later when you feel the need for greater flexibility and have mastered Duotones.

15. Stereoscopic Images
Stereoscopy also called stereoscopic or 3-D imaging
refers to a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by presenting two offset images separately to the left and right eye of the viewer.
These two-dimensional images are then combined in the brain to give the perception of 3-D depth

16. Stereoscopic Images
Three strategies have been used to mechanically present different images to each eye:
have the viewer wear eyeglasses to combine separate images from two offset sources,
have the viewer wear eyeglasses to filter offset images from a single source separated to each eye, or
have the light source split the images directionally into the viewer's eyes (no glasses required; known as Autostereoscopy)

17. Stereoscopic Images

18. Stereoscopic Images

19. Stereoscopic Images

20. Stereoscopic Images

21. Halftoning
A photograph consists of continuous tones – tonal transitions of colour hues.
A printing press cannot produce continuous tones.
Halftone screens deceive the eye into believing it sees continuous tonal transitions by dividing the printed imaged into very small parts, which the eye blend o look like continuous tones when the image is viewed from normal distance.

22. Halftoning

23. Halftoning

24. Halftoning
There are two main techniques to fooling the eye with the aid of halftone dots.
Traditional Halftone Dots - One technique the halftone dots are always the same distance from each other and vary in size to create different tones.
Stochastic Halftones Dots - Technique all the dots are the same size and their distance from each other is varied to cover different part of the surface differently to create different tones.

25. Halftoning

26. Halftoning – Types of Halftone Dots
Not all dots are round.
Dots can be round, elliptical or square; through round dots are most common.
Depending on the print method, and sometimes on the printed product, square or elliptical dots might be a better choice.

27. Halftoning – Types of Halftone Dots

28. Halftoning – Types of Halftone Dots
Round dots: most common, suitable for light images, especially for skin tones.

29. Halftoning – Types of Halftone Dots
Elliptical dots: appropriate for images with many objects.

30. Halftoning – Types of Halftone Dots
Square dots: best for detailed images, not recommended for skin tones.

31. Colour Trapping
Trapping is a method of adjusting areas where two distinct, adjacent colors meet so that press misregistration won't cause white spaces.

32. Colour Trapping There are two types of trap:
A spread, in which a lighter object overlaps a darker background and seems to expand into the background
A choke, in which a lighter background overlaps a darker object that falls within the background and seems to squeeze or reduce the object.

33. Overprinting
Overprinting refers to the process of printing one colour on top of another in reprographics.
This is closely linked to the reprographic technique of 'trapping'.

34. Overprinting
It is also the term used in the production of envelopes customised to order by printing images (such as logos) and texts (such as slogans) on mass- produced machine-made envelopes;
the alternative way of producing such envelopes is to print "on the flat" and then cut out the individual shapes and fold them to form the envelopes

35. Overprinting Colors in Illustrator
Knockouts and Overprints
When different colored objects are stacked, fills and strokes appear opaque because the top color knocks out, or cuts out, the area underneath when printed.
When overlapping colors are desired, the top shape must be designated to overprint instead of knockout.

36. Overprinting Colors in Illustrator

37. Overprinting Creating an Overprint
Select the object(s) on top that you wish to overprint.
Choose Windows>Show Attibutes.
In the Attributes window, check Overprint fill. Strokes can be set to overprint as well
To view the overprint on the screen, choose View>Overprint Preview.

38. Overprinting

39. RGB to CMYK conversion
Editing Photos for Print: When to Convert to CMYK?
For Print:
Start with RGB, and do all or most of your editing in RGB. RGB is the native format for most digital files. Some editing procedures are not available in CMYK.
Convert to CMYK as the last step only if the file is being sent to a print house.
If you are printing from your home or office printer, you can use RGB or CMYK. Try both and see which you prefer.

40. RGB to CMYK conversion For Internet images (blogs and websites):
Images to be used only for onscreen viewing (websites, blogs) should NEVER be converted to CMYK.

41. RGB to CMYK conversion

42. RGB to CMYK conversion

43. RGB to CMYK conversion

44. TYPE OF PRODUCTION There are SEVEN types of production Newsletter
Brochure
Magazine
Advertisement
Poster & Display
Packaging & Labeling
Home page & Link