1. Educational Technology with emphasis on Audio-Visual Technology
Mr. Sonny C. Chiu, MA.Ed
College of Teacher Education

2. L1: What is Educational Technology?

3. Technology
comes from the Greek word “tekhnē” which means CRAFT or ART “logia”, meaning an area of study.
most people think that technology refers only to electronic and digital machines like, tv, computers, digicam, videocam, iPods and the like.

4. Technology According to Edgar Dale,1969;
Technology is not just machines. It is a “planned, systematic method of working to achieve planned outcomes – a process not a product. Technology is the applied side of scientific development.”

5. Technology According to The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol 19;
Technology refers to all the ways people use their inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs and desires”

6. Technology According to
Technology also refers to any valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived from basic research using the scientific method

7. Technology According to Encyclopedia Britannica 2009 Deluxe Edition;
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment.

8. Technology According to
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009 © Microsoft Corporation;
Technology, general term for the processes by which human beings fashion tools and machines to increase their control and understanding of the material environment...

9. Education According to
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009 © Microsoft Corporation;
educating: the imparting and acquiring of knowledge through teaching and learning, especially at a school or similar institution.
knowledge: the knowledge or abilities gained through being educated

10. Educational According to instructive or informative:
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009 © Microsoft Corporation;
instructive or informative:
giving knowledge, instruction, or information
relating to teaching and learning: relating to or concerned with education

11. Activity1: What is Educational Technology?
With your seatmate, describe Educational Technology using the graphic organizer below by writing an adjective on each square. You may add more squares if you like.
Educational Technology

12. Educational Technology
According to
Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1977;
EdTech is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas devices , and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning.”

13. Educational Technology
According to
David H. Jonassen, Kyle L. Peck, Brent G, Wilson, et al 1999;
EdTech consists of the designs and environments that engage learners … and reliable technique or method for engaging learning such as cognitive learning strategies and critical thinking skills.

14. Educational Technology
According to
Lucido and Borabo, 1997;
Educational technology is a field study which is concerned with the practice of using educational methods and resources for the ultimate goal of facilitating the learning process.

15. Educational Technology
According to
David H. Jonassen, et al 1999;
Educational technology is a profession like teaching. It is made up of organized effort to implement the theory, intellectual technique, and application of educational technology.

16. Educational Technology
Kung akoy pasultion . . .
Educational technology are carefully studied and scientifically designed innovations, discoveries and inventions to address the needs in the classroom (past and present) and to meet the futuristic desire of attaining new, unique and effective way of teaching.

17. Activity 2: Complete Me
Write your own definition of Educational Technology using the adjectives that you wrote in the graphic organizer.

18. Related Terms of EdTech
Technology in Education
Instructional Technology
Technology Integration in Education
Educational Media

19. Technology in Education
is “the application of technology to any of those processes involved on operating the institutions which hose the educational enterprise. It includes the application of technology to food, health, finance, scheduling, grade, reporting, and other process which support education within institutions” (David H. Jonassen, et al 1999)

20. Instructional Technology
refers to those aspects of educational technology that are “concerned with instruction as contrasted to designs and operations of educational institutions. Instructional technology is a systematic way of learning and teaching in terms of scientific objectives” (Lucido and Borabo, 1997).

21. Technology integration
it means using “learning technologies to introduce reinforce, supplement and extend skills.”(Williams, ed. 2000). Like instructional technology, it is a part of educational technology. Technology integration is part and parcel of instructional technology, which in turn is a part of educational technology.

22. Educational Media
are channels or avenues or instruments of communication. Examples are books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television and Internet. These media also serve educational purposes.

23. Activity 3: Which is which?
Based on your understanding which of these terms educational technology & instructional technology are broader than technology integration and educational media. With a partner, discuss and visualize your thoughts using the concentric given circles. Explain briefly.

24. iJuander Question?
Are the chalkboards and bulletin boards and other traditional learning equipment also included in the term educational technology?

25. Evolution of Technology in the Classroom . . . . .
Classrooms have come a long way. There’s been an exponential growth in educational technology advancement over the past few years. From chalkboard to smart/interactive board, and overhead projectors to iPads, it’s important to understand not only what’s coming next but also where it all started.

26. 1650 – The Horn-Book
Wooden paddles with printed lessons were popular in the colonial era.
On the paper there was usually the alphabet and a religious verse which children would copy to help them learn how to write.
Image is taken from: Benjamin Innes for the New York Times
(Source: Blackwell History of Education Museum, Northern Illinois University

27. 1780 – Teacher / Model
Early public schools adopt the teacher/manager model with the teacher as the primary visual aid, manager of instruction and assessment in a single classroom.

28. 1850 – 1870 – Ferule
Image is taken from: Benjamin Innes for the New York Times
(Source: Blackwell History of Education Museum, Northern Illinois University
It is a pointer and also a corporal punishment device. Seems like both this and the Horn-Book had dual purposes in terms of ‘educating’ the youths of that era.

29. 1870 – Magic Lantern
The precursor to a slide projector, the ‘magic lantern’ projected images printed on glass plates and showed them in darkened rooms to students.
By the end of World War I, Chicago’s public school system had roughly 8,000 lantern slides.

30. 1890 – School Slate
Used throughout the 19th century in nearly all classrooms.

31. Early 1900s -Chalkboard Erasers
Chalkboard erasers were first invented around 1863 by John L. Hammett. A chalkboard eraser is a supplement and tool used with chalkboards. Most often used in classrooms, these erasers allow for erasing of chalk on a chalkboard.

32. 1890 – Chalkboard
Still going strong to this day, the chalkboard is one of the biggest inventions in terms of educational technology.
It is the considered to be the oldest technology of our time.

33. 1900 and late 1900’s – Pencil & Paper
Just like the chalkboard, the pencil is also found in all classrooms worldwide. In the late 19th century, mass-produced paper and pencils became more readily available and pencils eventually replaced the school slate.

34. 1905 – Stereoscope
At the turn of the century, the Keystone View Company began to market stereoscopes which are basically three-dimensional viewing tools. Stereoscopes to schools and created hundreds of images that were meant to be used to illustrate points made during lectures.

35. 1925 – Film Projector
Similar to the motion-picture projector, Thomas Edison predicted that, thanks to the invention of projected images, “books will soon be obsolete in schools.”

36. 1925 – Radio
New York City’s Board of Education was actually the first organization to send lessons to schools through a radio station. Over the next couple of decades, “schools of the air” began broadcasting programs to millions of American students.

37. 1930 – Overhead Projector
Initially used by the U.S. military for training purposes in World War II, overhead projectors quickly spread to schools and other organizations around the country.

38. 1940 – Ballpoint Pen
While it was originally invented in 1888, it was not until 1940 that the ballpoint pen started to gain worldwide recognition as being a useful tool in the classroom and life in general. The first ballpoint pens went on sale at Gimbels department store in New York City on 29 October This pen was widely known as the rocket in the U.S. into the late 1950s.

39. 1940 – Mimeograph
Surviving into the Xerox age, the mimeograph made copies by being hand-cranked. Makes you appreciate your current copier at least a little bit now.

40. 1950 – Headphones
Thanks to theories that students could learn lessons through repeated drills and repetition (and repeated repetition) schools began to install listening stations that used headphones and audio tapes. Most were used in what were dubbed ‘language labs’ and this practice is still in use today, except now computers are used instead of audio tapes.

41. 1950 – Slide Rule
It was developed in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier. It was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering. The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and s even as digital computing devices were being gradually introduced.

42. 1951 – Videotapes
Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as “blurred and indistinct” images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape recorder and standard quarter-inch (0.6 cm) audio tape moving at inches (9.1 m) per second.
A year later, an improved version, using one-inch (2.6 cm) magnetic tape, was shown to the press, who reportedly expressed amazement at the quality of the images, although they had a “persistent grainy quality that looked like a worn motion picture”.

43. 1957 – Reading Accelerator
With an adjustable metal bar that helped students tamp down a page, the reading accelerator was a simple device designed to help students read more efficiently.

44. 1957 – Skinner Teaching Machine
B. F. Skinner, a behavioral scientist, developed a series of devices that allowed a student to proceed at his or her own pace through a regimented program of instruction.

45. 1958 – Educational Television
By the early sixties, there were more than 50 channels of TV which included educational programming that aired across the country in the US.

46. 1959 – Photocopier
Xerographic office photocopying was introduced by Xerox in 1959, and it gradually replaced copies made by Verifax, Photostat, carbon paper, mimeograph machines, and other duplicating machines. The prevalence of its use is one of the factors that prevented the development of the paperless office heralded early in the digital revolution

47. 1960 – Liquid Paper
A secretary made this white liquid in her kitchen and sold the company to Gillette for about $50 million.

48. 1965 – Filmstrip Viewer
A precursor to the iPad perhaps, this filmstrip viewer is a simple way to allow individual students watch filmstrips at their own pace.

49. Personal Computer
Mainframes and minicomputers are put in place in some schools, but most are used for administration or for school counseling

50. 1970 – The Hand-Held Calculator
The predecessor of the much-loved and much-used TI-83, this calculator paved the way for the calculators used today. There were initial concerns however as teachers were slow to adopt them for fear they would undermine the learning of basic skills.

51. 1972 – Scantron
The Scantron Corporation removed the need for grading multiple-choice exams. The Scantron machines were free to use but the company made money by charging for their proprietary grading forms.

52. 1974 - Electronic Scientific Calculator
Programmable calculator with nonvolatile magnetic card storage was introduced in the classroom. Twenty user memories; 23 preprogrammed functions and operations; programming capabilities included 82 user-defined keys and labels, branching, flags and subroutines. Algebraic Operating System with nine levels of parentheses.

53. 1975 – Apple 1 appears in School
Apple 1 PCs are donated to schools in various states in the US; some schools have adopted mainframes and minicomputers

54. 1980 – Plato Computer
Public schools in the U.S. averaged about one computer for every 92 students in The Plato was one of the most-used early computers to gain a foothold in the education market. Currently, there is about one computer for every 4 students.

55. 1981 – Computer Assisted Instruction
Drill and practice, Computer Assisted Instruction gains acceptance in schools
The first educational drill and practice programs are developed for personal computers “PC”.

56. 1983 – Apple II in the Classroom
Apple II computer finds widespread acceptance in education because PCs better fit the teacher /manager model of instructional delivery (PCs can be used to "support" the ongoing
teaching in the single
classroom).

57. 1984 – eLearning Games
Apple Macintosh computer is developed; computer-based tutorials and learning games are developed by commercial software manufacturers.

58. 1985 – CD-ROM Drive
A single CD could store an entire encyclopedia plus video and audio. The CD-ROM and eventually the CD-RW paved the way for flash drives and easy personal storage.

59. 1985 – Hand-Held Graphing Calculator
The successor to the hand-held calculator (see above), the graphing calculator made far more advanced math much easier as it let you plot out points, do long equations, and play ‘Snake’ as a game when you got bored in class.

60. Simulations
Multimedia PCs are developed; schools are using videodiscs; object-oriented multimedia authoring tools are in wide use; simulations, educational databases and other types of CAI programs are being
delivered on CD-ROM
disks, many with
animation and sound.

61. mid of 1990s - Whiteboard
Martin Heit invented the first whiteboard in the 1950’s . Heit sold his invention to Dry-Mark. Dry-Mark began on the market for schools in the mid 1960s. Whiteboards rose in popularity during the 1990s. A whiteboard is a name for any glossy, usually white surface for nonpermanent markings.

62. 1994 – Virtual Reality
Digital video, virtual reality, and 3-D systems capture the attention of many, but fewer multimedia PCs than basic business PCs are sold; object-oriented authoring
systems such as HyperCard,
Hyperstudio, and Authorware
grow in popularity in schools.

63. 1995 – Internet Revolution
The Internet and the world wide web began to catch on as businesses, schools, and individuals create web pages; most CAI is delivered on CD-ROM disks and is
growing in
popularity.

64. 1996 – Web Pages
New graphics and multimedia tools are developed for the delivery of information and instruction using the Internet; many schools are rewiring for Internet access; a few schools install web servers and provide faculty with a way to
create instructional
web pages.

65. 1999 – Interactive Whiteboard
The chalkboard got a facelift with the whiteboard. That got turned into a more interactive system that uses a touch sensitive white screen, a projector, and a computer.

66. 2005 – iClicker
There are many similar tools available now, but iClicker was one of the first to allow teachers to be able to quickly poll students and get results in real time.

67. 2006 – Laptop in the classroom
The ‘One Laptop Per Child’ computer was built so it was durable and cheap enough to sell or donate to developing countries. It’s an incredible machine that works well in sunlight, is waterproof, and much more.

68. 2007- Educational Software
Educational software becomes more useful and interesting to students as graphics and video are incorporated.

69. 2010 – Apple iPad
Just like the original school slate, could the iPad bring Thomas Edison’s statement to life? Could the iPad make it so “scholars will soon be instructed through the eye.” Only time will tell.

70. 2013 –Beyond???
Interactive Projector ? ? ?
and many more. . .

71. iJuander Question?
When was manila paper introduced in the classroom?
Why is it that manila paper was not included in the evolution of educational technology?
1873
Because it is only found in the RP.
Originally made from Manila hemp but
now also from wood pulp substitutes
and various other fibers.

72. Thank You . . .