1. Lecture 08a: MATRICES Sec 2.7
CS1050: Understanding and Constructing Proofs
Spring 2006
Lecture 08a: MATRICES Sec 2.7
This work is carried by Jarek Rossignac and one of his PhD students, Jason Williams
Jarek Rossignac

2. Lecture Objectives
Understand vectors, matrices, their products and properties.
Illustrate these on linear transformations

3. What do coordinates mean?
Let C be a coordinate system with origin o and basis (i, j)
i and j are unit length vectors orthogonal to each other
Let point p have coordinates (x,y) in C
Define p in terms of x, y, o, i, j:
p = o + xi + yj
start at o
make x steps in the i direction
make y steps in the j direction p y x j i o

4. How do we represent points and vectors?
Using an ordered set of coordinates in an agreed-upon, yet not specified, global coordinate system
o = (xo, yo )
i = ( xi , yi )
j = ( xj , yj )
p = ( xp , yp ) o i j p x y xo yo xi yi yp xp

5. Operations on points and vectors
Subtracting two points yields a vector (displacement)
( xp , yp ) – ( xo , yo ) = ( xp– xo , po– yo )
Adding a vector to a point moves the point
( xo , yo ) + ( xj , yj ) = ( xo+xj , yo+yj )
Adding two vectors adds the corresponding coordinates
( xi , yi ) + ( xj , yj ) = ( xi+xj , yi+yj )
Multiplying a vector by a scalar multiplies its length
s( xi , yi ) = ( sxi , syi )
The dot product of two vectors is the sum of the products of corresponding terms
( xi , yi )  ( xj , yj ) = ( xi xj + yiyj )

6. What is a matrix?
A scalar or ordered set of matrices
scalars, vectors, mxn tables are matrices
For example (i , j , o ) is a 2x3 matrix often presented as a table xi xj xo yi yj yo
(i , j , o ) =

7. What is a matrix-vector product?
Generalization of the dot product:
Sum of products of corresponding terms
(a , b , c )( x , y , z ) = ax+by+cz

8. What is the matrix form of (xp,yp) ?
p = xi + yj + o = ( i , j , o )  ( x , y , 1 )
( xp , yp ) = x( xi , yi ) + y( xj , yj ) + ( xo , yo )
= ( xxi , xyi ) + ( yxj , yyj ) + ( xo , yo )
= ( xxi+yxj+xo , xyi+yyj+ yo ) x y 1 xp yp xi xj xo yi yj yo =

9. What is the homogeneous representation?
Add a third coordinate: 1 for points, 0 for vectors
o = (xo, yo , 1)
i = ( xi , yi , 0)
j = ( xj , yj , 0)
p = ( xp , yp , 1)

10. Homogeneous matrix form of (xp,yp) ?
p = xi + yj + o = ( i , j , o )  ( x , y , 1 )
( xp , yp , 1) = x( xi , yi , 0) + y( xj , yj , 0) + 1( xo , yo , 1)
= ( xxi+yxj+xo , xyi+yyj+ yo , 1 ) xp yp 1 xi xj xo yi yj yo 1 x y 1 =

11. Performing the multiplication
Multiply columns and add x y 1 xp yp 1 xi xj xo yi yj yo 1 =

12. How to compute (x,y) ? Let op = p – o x = op  i y = op  j xp yp yi
o = (xo, yo ), i = ( xi , yi ), j = ( xj , yj ), p = ( xp , yp )
Let op = p – o
x = op  i
y = op  j
vi is the normal
projection of vector
v on the unit vector i o i j p x y xo yo xi yi yp xp

13. How to extend this to 3D ? zp yp xp o = (xo, yo , zo , 1)
i = ( xi , yi , zi , 0)
j = ( xj , yj , zj , 0)
p = ( xp , yp , zp , 1) p zp
(0,0,1)
(0,1,0) yp
(1,0,0) xp

14. More general notation for matrices
A = [ aij ]rc
i is the row number
j is the column number
We say that A is an rc matrix if it has r rows and c columns
We say that an nn matrix is square.
In a square matrix,
aii are the diagonal elements.
Their sum aij is the trace of A
a11
a12
a13
a14
a21
a22
a23
a24
a31
a33
a34
A34 =

15. Operations for matrices
Equality: [ aij ]mn = [ bij ]mn when ij aij = bij
Addition: [ aij ]mn + [ bij ]mn = [ aij + bij ]mn
Multiplication: [ aij ]mk [ bij ]kn = [ ai*  b*j ]mn
ai* is a vector made from the row elements: (ai1 , ai2 ,… aic)
b*j is a vector made from the column elements: (b1j , b2j ,… brj)
In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative AB≠BA

16. What is the cost of matrix multiplication?
How many multiplications, additions are performed when multiplying two nn matrices?
We need to compute n2 dot products
Each one requires n multiplications and n–1 additions
Total: n3 multiplications and (n–1)n2 additions

17. Best order for chain multiplication?
Matrix multiplication is associative:
((Akm Bmn)Cno)Dop = Akm((BmnCno)Dop)
Which order requires fewest multiplications?
(Akm Bmn) requires kmn multiplications (kn  of m)
((Akm Bmn)Cno)Dop requires kmn+kno+kod
Akm((BmnCno)Dop) requires mno+mop+kmp

18. What is the identity matrix?
In = [ ij ]nn where ii = 1 and ij = 0 when i≠j
diagonal terms are 1, the others 0
Property of identity: AmnIn = ImAmn= Amn

19. What is the power of a square matrix?
Ann0 = In
Annk = AnnAnn … Ann (product of k matrices)

20. What is the transpose of a matrix?
[ aij ]mnt = [ aji ]nm

21. When is a square matrix symmetric?
A is symmetric if A=At , i.e., ij aij = aji
A mirror reflection about the diagonal will not change the matrix.

22. What are joins and meets of binary matrices?
Entries represent truth values (denoted 0 and 1 for simplicity)
The join of two Boolean matrices is
[ aij ]mn  [ bij ]mn = [ aij  bij ]mn
The meet of two Boolean matrices is
[ aij ]mn  [ bij ]mn = [ aij  bij ]mn

23. What is the Boolean product?
The dot product of two Boolean vectors is the disjunctive form
[ ai ]k  [ bi ]k = a1b1  a2b2 …  akbk
The Boolean product of two binary matrices is
[ aij ]mk[ bij ]kn = [ ai*  b*j ]mn

24. What is the Boolean product?
The dot product of two Boolean vectors is the disjunctive form
[ ai ]k  [ bi ]k = a1b1  a2b2 …  akbk
The Boolean product of two binary matrices is
[ aij ]mk[ bij ]kn = [ ai*  b*j ]mn

25. What is the Boolean power?
The rth Boolean power , denoted A[r], of a square binary matrix A is
A[r] = AA … A (Boolean product of r terms)
with A[0] = I

26. Assigned Reading
2.7

27. Assigned Exercises for Quiz
Page : 4.a, 13, 19
Changes of coordinate system
Assume that you have a series of m transformations each represented in homogeneous form by a 4x4 matrix and v vertices, which you want to transform by each matrix in the series. Is it cheaper to first compute the result of multiplying the series into a single matrix and then use it to transform all the vertices, or is it cheaper to multiply each vertex by the each matrix? Does the answer depend on the values of m and v? If so, how?

28. Assigned Project