1. Module 18 Making Decisions

2. What You Will Learn 1
Why good decision making begins with accurately understanding the costs and the benefits The difference between accounting profit and economic profit and why economic profit is the correct basis for decisions Why there are three types of economic decisions: “either– or” decisions, “how much” decisions, and decisions involving sunk costs The principles of decision making that correspond to each type of economic decision 2 3 4

3. Explicit versus Implicit Costs
An explicit cost requires an outlay of money.
An implicit cost does not require an outlay of money; it is measured by the value in terms of money of benefits that are forgone.

4. Opportunity Cost of an Additional Year of School
Explicit Cost
Implicit Cost
Tuition
$7,000
Forgone salary
$35,000
Books and supplies
1,000
Computer
1,500
Total explicit cost
$9,500
Total implicit cost
Total opportunity cost = Total explicit cost + Total implicit cost = $44,500

5. Accounting Profit versus Economic Profit
Accounting profit is equal to revenue minus explicit cost.
Economic profit is equal to revenue minus the opportunity cost of resources used. It is usually less than the accounting profit.
When economists think of profit, they are thinking of economic profit.

6. Accounting Profit versus Economic Profit
Value of increase in lifetime earnings
$100,000
Explicit cost:
Tuition
–40,000
Interest paid on student loan
–4,000
Accounting profit
$56,000
Implicit cost:
Income forgone during two years spent in school
–57,000
Economic profit
–1,000

7. Making “Either–Or” Decisions
When faced with a choice between two activities, choose the one with positive economic profit.

8. Marginal Cost
The marginal cost of producing a good or service is the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of that good or service.

9. Marginal Cost

10. Marginal Cost
Increasing marginal cost occurs when each unit of a good costs more to produce than the previous unit.
Constant marginal cost occurs when the cost of producing an additional unit is the same as the cost of producing the previous unit.
Decreasing marginal cost occurs when each unit of a good costs less to produce than the previous unit.

11. Marginal Cost
Figure Caption: Figure 18-1: The height of each shaded bar corresponds to Alex’s marginal cost of an additional year of schooling. The height of each bar is higher than the preceding one because each year of schooling costs more than the previous years. As a result, Alex has increasing marginal cost and the marginal cost curve, the line connecting the midpoints at the top of each bar, is upward sloping.

12. Marginal Benefit
The marginal benefit of producing a good or service is the additional benefit earned from producing one more unit.

13. Marginal Benefit
There is decreasing marginal benefit from an activity when each additional unit of the activity yields less benefit that the previous unit.

14. Marginal Benefit

15. Marginal Benefit
The marginal benefit of producing a good or service is the additional benefit earned from producing one more unit.

16. Marginal Benefit
Figure Caption: Figure 18-2: The height of each shaded bar corresponds to Alex’s marginal benefit of an additional year of schooling. The height of each bar is lower than the one preceding it because an additional year of schooling has decreasing marginal benefit. As a result, Alex’s marginal benefit curve, the curve connecting the midpoints at the top of each bar, is downward sloping.

17. Marginal Analysis
The optimal quantity is the quantity that generates the highest possible total profit.

18. Marginal Analysis

19. Marginal Analysis
Figure Caption: Figure 18-3: The optimal quantity is the quantity that generates the highest possible total profit. It is the quantity at which marginal benefit is greater than or equal to marginal cost. Equivalently, it is the quantity at which the marginal benefit and marginal cost curves intersect. Here, they intersect at 3 additional years of schooling. The table confirms that 3 is indeed the optimal quantity: it leads to the maximum total profit of $410,000.

20. Marginal Analysis
According to the profit-maximizing principle of marginal analysis, when faced with a profit-maximizing “how much” decision, the optimal quantity is the largest quantity at which the marginal benefit is greater than or equal to marginal cost.

21. Economics in Action
The Cost of a Life
It is tempting to say that a human life is infinitely precious.
Resources are scarce and we cannot spend infinite amounts, so we must decide how much to spend on saving lives.

22. Sunk Costs
A sunk cost is an irretrievable cost that has already been incurred.
Sunk costs should be ignored in making decisions about future actions because they have no influence on their actual costs and benefits.

23. Summary An explicit cost requires an outlay of money.
An implicit cost does not require an outlay of money.
Accounting profit is equal to revenue minus explicit cost.
Economic profit is equal to revenue minus the opportunity cost of resources used.
According to the principle of “either–or” decision making, when facing a choice between two activities, one should choose the one with the positive economic profit.

24. Key Terms Marginal analysis is used to make “how much” decisions.
The marginal cost of producing a good or service is the additional cost incurred by producing one more unit of that good or service.
The marginal benefit of producing a good or service is the additional benefit earned from producing one more unit.
The optimal quantity is the quantity that generates the highest possible total profit.