1. (of the bad Clipart mountaintop…) Chapter 22 Notes, Part 1
We Will Climb To The Top
(of the bad Clipart mountaintop…)
Chapter 22 Notes, Part 1

2. Problems which must be Confronted after the Civil War
The Nation
What to do with the Confederacy?
What to do with the former slaves (other than free them)?
What is the fallout with former slaveholders AND poor whites?
The South
Inflation  Banks and Businesses closing
Destruction of Southern Railroads
Agricultural Demise
Weeds in cotton fields
No more (free) slave labor
Attitude of whites towards the “damnyankees”

3. Responses to Emancipation
African Americans
Welcomed the Freedman’s Bureau
Reactions to freedom varied
Ex: Jourdon Anderson’s letter (p. 483)
20 lashes for former slaveowner before leaving
Some stayed on the plantation (it’s all they knew)
Become more educated (especially children)
Whites
Southern whites (SW) generally angry; Northern whites (NW) generally happy
Some Union troops helped free slaves/pillage masters’ possessions
NW helped educate blacks
SW tried to slow progress
Sharecropping
Congressional tactics
Use of Pres. Johnson
SW: Institute Black Codes

4. Approaches to Reconstruction
Congressional
Republicans pass legislation to limit Black Codes
Amendments XIII, XIV, XV (Civil Rights Amend.)
XIII: No more slavery
XIV:
Civil rights for freedmen
Reduced representation in Congress & Electoral College
Former Confederates couldn’t hold fed. office
XV: Slaves have right to vote
Felt Lincoln/Johnson’s 10% to re-enter Union was too lenient (Wade-Davis Bill—wanted 50%)
Maintain Republican goals so Democrats couldn’t take over Congress and be anti-black
Presidential
Lincoln wanted to restore the Union
Johnson wanted to show his power (ruled more like Dem.)
Both allowed Confederate states to rejoin Union with a “10% of citizens must abide by Emancipation” rule
Lincoln pocket-vetoed Wade-Davis Bill (50% to re-enter Union)
Johnson also disfranchised some leading Confederates, including those with $20K, though they could petition for personal pardons
States must ratify 13th Amendment
Johnson looked to not renew Freedman’s Bureau and aligned with Black Codes
Awful speaking tour led to pro-Republican Congress in ‘66

5. President Johnson, the white South, and Radical Reconstruction
The Black Codes were laws designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks
Mississippi passed the first law in November It became as anti-African American as any state in the Union through the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s
Goal of Black Codes: gain a stable, subservient labor force (i.e. get the cotton fields growin’ again)
Black Codes meant the freedmen generally had to commit to work for their employer for a year. If not, they’d face forfeiture of previous wages or be dragged back to the farm by a paid “Negro-catcher”
President Johnson’s race relations sympathy was questioned when he vetoed the renewal of the Freedman’s Bureau in Feb. 1866
Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Bill in March 1866 which gave blacks American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes
Johnson became known as “Sir Veto” yet the Republican Congress kept re-passing the bills with a super majority to get them into law
Civil Rights Bill led to the 14th Amendment, as mentioned earlier…what I didn’t say earlier was that Johnson urged the Southern states to reject it

6. Keepin’ It Real: Effects of Congressional Reconstruction
After Johnson’s speaking tour hurt the Southern Democrats he wanted to help in the Congressional elections of 1866, (even though Johnson was a Republican), the Republicans had a veto-proof Congress
Radical Republican leaders: the no-longer-bloodied Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens
Wanted to apply federal power to bring about a drastic social and economic transformation in the South
However, moderate Republicans stayed away from the Radical Republicans’ agenda as they preferred states’ rights and self-government…still the Republicans would combine in voting to stop the Southern Democrats’ agenda
South was divided in 5 military districts by Reconstruction Act in March 1867; those districts were commanded by Union soldiers and a Union general
Former Confederate states had to ratify the 14th Amendment to return to the Union, and full suffrage would be given to all males, including former slaves, through their state constitutions
Freedmen were not given land or education through federal money though
By 1870, African Americans gained the right to vote via the 15th Amendment
Between 1868 and 1876 fourteen black congressmen and two black senators served the government; accused of being scalawags and carpetbaggers
Goal was to protect blacks: it didn’t work very well

7. When Keepin’ It Real Goes Wrong: White Opposition to Empowering Blacks
By law, blacks were free
By social customs of the South, they weren’t free
The Ku Klux Klan emerged as “the Invisible Empire of the South” in 1866 in Tennessee
The Klan continuously ravaged the South, antagonizing, threatening, maiming, and killing many free blacks and those who supported them throughout Reconstruction
In one Louisiana parish in 1868, whites in two days killed or wounded 200 victims to make sure blacks were “kept in their place”
Keeping blacks from voting was a consistent goal, whether through intimidation, fraud, and trickery

8. The Johnson Impeachment (Without a Conviction)
Your Turn…

9. The Successes and Failures of Reconstruction
Your Turn…