1. 10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical principles in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity to the development of Western political thought.
1. Analyze the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual.
Analyze break down into components or essential features-
Synthesize Combine the parts into a coherent whole.

2. TEST Question!!!!!!!!!!
What are the similarities and differences in Judeo-Christian and Greco-Roman views of law, reason and faith, and duties of the individual?

3. Greek View of Law
Early Laws
About BC, the Ancient Greeks had no official laws or punishments. Murders were settled by members of the victim's family, who would then go and kill the murderer. This often began endless blood feuds.

4. Greek View of Law
C. 650 BC, Greeks first began to establish official laws. Around 620 BC Draco, the lawgiver, set down the first known written law of Ancient Greece. His laws were so harsh that his name in English: "Draconian" is an unreasonable or harsh law.
Draconian: part of our cultural literacy (Romeo Disneyland)
People will use these words and not stop to explain them
Q: What is Draconian? Capital Punishment? You’ll have to decide some day

5. Greek View of Law
Solon, an Athenian statesman and lawmaker, refined Draco's laws by "democratizing" justice and making the courts more accessible to citizens. Solon created many new laws that fit into the four basic categories of Ancient Greek law.

6. Public Laws - Procedural Laws
Greek View of Law
Tort Laws - Family Laws
Public Laws - Procedural Laws
Tort is when someone does harm to you or to your property. e.g. Murder. Under Draco, murder equaled exile. Solon's reforms, however, eased penalties. Rape was only a 100 drachma fine.
Is a fine for rape draconian? Would death be? Should the punishment fit the crime?

7. Greek View of Law
Family Laws
Solon created family laws: laws that regulated the behavior of men and women. He wrote laws concerning marriage, adoption, inheritances, and supporting roles of parents. Penalties were not set, but were enforced by the head of the family.
We have Tort, Family, Public, and Procedural laws, too.

8. Greek View of Law Public Laws
Dictated how public services were to be provided and public functions should be conducted. e.g.living far from public wells meant digging your own, can’t export agricultural goods, land ownership amount restricted, and prohibited dealing in perfume.

9. Greek View of Law
Procedural Laws
Procedural laws were guidelines that told judges how to use laws, and gave step-by-step details how laws should be enforced. Even small details like how many witnesses must be called forward for someone to be found guilty of homicide.

10. Greek View of Law
Law Givers
Law givers were not rulers or kings, but appointed officials whose only job was to write laws. Most of the lawgivers were middle class members of the aristocracy.
Sound familiar? Our politicians got there through money (aristocracy)

11. Greek View of Law
Lawgivers continued
To make sure that law givers would not take sides or be a part of just one group, thus making laws unfair, law givers were not a part of normal government, and they were considered political outsiders.

12. Courts and the Judicial System
Greek View of Law
Courts and the Judicial System
Ancient Greeks used a court system to "try," "convict," and "sentence" accused persons. Court officials were paid little, if anything, and most trials were completed in the same day.

13. Greek View of Law
No "professional" court officials, lawyers, and official judges. Two "litigants," one who argued a crime was committed, and one for the defense. The audience/jurors, would vote and the result was either guilty or not, then they voted the punishment.

14. Greek Views of Reason and Faith
Citizenship
Before people were considered subjects
With rights & responsibilities they become citizens
The Greeks believed in the worth & dignity of the Individual & Political freedom

15. Greek Views of Reason and Faith
Role of Reason
The Greeks had tremendous respect for human intelligence & the power of reason
Reason: the ability to think, problem solve, and discover nature or Natural Law.
Metacognition
Eleven fingers? Is that reasonable?
Stop thinking. Can you?

16. They believed in Natural Law
Greek Views of Reason and Faith
They believed in Natural Law
Philosophers stated that nature was not controlled by arbitrary & willful gods, and that the Rules of nature can be discovered through careful observation & reasoned inquiry
We know why the wind blows, and it’s not the gods.

17. Greek Views:Duties of the Individual
Greeks: average citizen capable of participating in government
All adult male citizens were members of the Assembly
Greek citizens believed in: reason, individualism, equality, importance of participatory government, political freedom, national security, and justice
Women were excluded.

18. Greek Views:Duties of the Individual
Athenian Ephebic Oath
“I will not disgrace my sacred arms Nor desert my comrade, wherever I am stationed. I will fight for things sacred And things profane. And both alone and with all to help me. I will transmit my fatherland not diminished But greater and better than before.
Voltaire “defend to the death your right to say it”
Better world for our children.

19. Greek Views:Duties of the Individual
Athenian Ephebic Oath cont.
I will obey the ruling magistrates Who rule reasonably And I will observe the established laws And whatever laws in the future May be reasonably established. If any person seek to overturn the laws, Both alone and with all to help me, I will oppose him.

20. Greek Views:Duties of the Individual
Athenian Ephebic Oath cont.
I will honor the religion of my fathers. I call to witness the gods …The borders of my fatherland, The wheat, the barley, the vines, And the trees of the olive and the fig.”
We took a pledge to the Flag, didn’t we?
O Beautiful (amber waves of grain…sound familiar)

21. Greek Views:Duties of the Individual
The oath was adopted as the oath to be taken by ephebi, young men of eighteen to twenty years, enrolled in the Ephebic College established in 335–334 B.C. to implement a state-supported system of military training….

22. Greek Views:Duties of the Individual
Every legitimate son of pure Athenian parentage who had reached the age of eighteen must, in order to be admitted to citizenship, be enrolled therein and undergo its two-year course of rigorous training in military and civic duties and activities.
Should we have a two year draft: both civil and military?

23. Greek Views:Duties of the Individual
At the end of the first year each ephebus was given a spear and a shield; after receiving these arms, the ephebi took their oath.

24. To the Greek, the two most important things were Reason and Natural Law. Given this fact, it is reasonable to state that Greeks derive their worth and dignity from their ability to reason, being able to use that reason to understand the universe, and thus develop the idea of Natural Law.

25. Greek Views:Duties of the Individual
Since Greeks understood Natural Law through Reason, they were elevated above the animals, and sometimes even the gods.