1. New developments of the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit
Takashi SASAKI (KEK)
Sébastien INCERTI (IN2P3/CENBG)
- on behalf of KEK & IN2P3 teams -
9-12 May 2007
KEK, Japan

2. Contents The Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit
KEK/IN2P3 collaboration activities
Educational Applications
Medicine, Biology and Space extensions
Computing grids
KEK & IN2P3 teams
Budget

3. Geometry and tracking: Geant4
Geant4 : a toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter
Developed by an international collaboration for HEP, successor of Geant3 (20 ans)
Gather more than 160 collaborators today
Most recent Monte Carlo code in HEP (1998)
Consist of C++ librairies
Regularly updated, entirely open and free
Geant4 designed for the simulation of a HEP experiment
Flexible geometry and materials
Physics processes modeling (electromagnetic, hadronic)
Generate particles and track them inside the geometry
Record physical quantities and analysis
Potentialities
Visualisation
Interactivity
Drawbacks : learning, complex, validation
~ 160 collaborators

4. ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE @ CERN
BaBar, ILC…
Brachytherapy
PET Scan (GATE)
Hadrontherapy
Dosimetry DICOM
Medical linac
Planetology
ISS
GAIA (ESA)
GLAST (NASA)
Technology transfer from
HEP to space, medical, bio …
Cellular irradiation
Nanobeam raytracing

5. Development of educational applications based on Geant4
Activity #1
Development of educational applications based on Geant4

6. Motivation Not to teach Geant4 but use Geant4 to teach Physics
Geant4 contains a large phenomenological and empirical knowledge of interactions of particles with matter
complex interactions
in complex geometries…
Geant4 can simulate complexities encountered in the real life
not only physics, but also space, medical...
Geant4 distribution package contains many realistic examples and test suites to start with
Not to teach Geant4 but use Geant4 to teach Physics

7. Experiences at Medical school
Visualization is the key element for observation of physical phenomena by students
Trajectories and geometries
Simple geometries like a water box are useful to “measure” physical quantities like the mass attenuation coefficient, etc…
Simple “measurements” à la Rutherford don’t need advanced analysis tools. Intuitive “measurement” is pedagogically effective.
Analysis tools will be necessary to study quantitative features

8. Courseware in a book style

9. Example of virtual lab: how to measure a mass attenuation coefficient ?
1.198 MeV gammas entering cm of water
40 events are displayed to “measure” the probability of the through gammas
All EM interactions are activated

10. Example of virtual lab: a sandwich calorimeter lead/aerogel

11. Example of virtual lab: a sandwich calorimeter lead/aerogel
All em interactions are on and shawer developed and contained in the sandwitch calorimeter
All EM interactions activated

12. Example of courseware: geometry
Use Geant4 to teach principles of …
Tracking
Vertex chamber
Drift chamber
TPC
MWPC
Calorimetry
Sampling energy and position
Crystals
Particle Identification
Cerenkov
ToF
dE/dX
Absorbers

13. Behind : Geant4Python for Advanced Interactivity and Useability
Two user categories
Content Creators (teachers)
End Users (students)
Geant4Py toolkit developed for Content Creators
Developed by K. Murakami, now available in geant4-8.1/environments/g4py
Python's powerful scripting capabilities are exploitable
Modularizing, combining, and using components
Material / Geometry (predefined geometry / easy geometry set-up)
Physics list (EM, Hadrons)
Detector response (Calorimeter / Tracker)
Analysis packages (ROOT, HBOOK, AIDA, ...)
Visualization
GUI (Qt, Tkinter, wxPython...) / Web applications (mod-python, CherryPy)
Courseware for End Users
Scripting with Python is NOT required!
GUI / Web applications
Can be built on the Python interface

14. Geant4 Web server

15. Joint IN2P3-KEK Geant4 annual schools ?
Both KEK & IN2P3 have organized Geant4 tutorials : Tsukuba (2006), Strasbourg (2007)…
IN2P3 is organizing in collaboration with other institutes (CEA, Inserm, Institut Curie, ESA,…) a Geant4 tutorial in Paris, June 4-8th, 2007
Strong demand among young physicists (> 100 participants)
We plan an annual periodicity in France and why not in Japan too in the framework of the Particle Physics joint lab Japan – France ?

16. Activity #2
Extension of Geant4 for applications in Biology, Medicine and Space Science

17. Motivation
Geant4 is a well designed software for the simulation of interactions between particles and matter
Its flexibility and potentialities make Geant4 an ideal candidate for extensions towards emerging interdiciplinary fields
Particle interactions in biological medium
Particle therapy in medicine
Space science
molecule
organs
planets

18. Geant4 & Biology
Detailed simulation of particle interactions with biological medium (DNA molecule) down to a few eV
Use data from state-of-the art experimental techniques
confocal imaging at the cellular scale (→ 3D phantoms)
ion beam analysis of cells (→ chemical composition of organites)
cellular survival rates after microbeam irradiation…
Main objective : prediction of DNA damages (double strand breaks – fatal lesions -, DNA fragments…) after irrradiation of cells, taking into account realistic DNA models
Initiated & in progress through the INFN-ESA-IN2P3 Geant4 DNA collaboration… but demanding task and more collaborators are needed

19. Geant4 at the cellular scale
PIXE analysis
Microbeam
Geant4
3D phantoms
new Physics processes
© Geant4 DNA
© Geant4 DNA
p & H charge change
p ionisation

20. Geant4 & radiotherapy
Provide the framework and software toolkit for simulation in radiotherapy, especially, particle therapy to be used for
validation of treatment planning systems
dose distribution calculation for each treatment
planning new facilities and new treatment methods
Validation of simulation results

21. Hadrontherapy simulation
Water Phantom
Multi-Leaf Collimator
Flatness Monitor
Main Monitor
Lead Scatter
Block Collimator
Ridge Filter
Secondary Monitor
Wobbling field
HIBMC Gantry (Hyogo)

22. Visualization samples
These are images visualized a head region data in different transfer function and color map settings.
脳：brain、
p, 200 MeV

23. Validation against carbon beams (12C 290 MeV/n)
Pristine Bragg peak
Spread-out Bragg peak
wo/ Ridge filter
w/ Ridge filter
Relative dose
Relative dose
Depth in water (mm)
Depth in water (mm)
Normalization factor
determined here
NIRS HIMAC data

24. Geant4 & Space Sciences Several space projects already use Geant4 :
GLAST (NASA), ConeXpress (ESA), GAIA (ESA), ISS…
Large community of Geant4 Space Users (ESA)
inflight electronics radiation hardness for aircrafts and spacecrafts
human dosimetry and radioprotection for space flights & human based missions
search for traces of life in the solar system…

25. Search for traces of life
In collaboration with CNES, ESA & Bern U.
Development of a biochip
a miniature sampling method allowing identification of biological molecules (biomarkers) for the detection of traces of life in the solar system
recognition using specific molecules (ligands) fixed on a support
Geant4 needed
to determine solar particle and cosmic ray fluxes before in beam irradiation (AIFIRA)
for the Earth-Mars transition
In situ (role of Mars’ atmosphere and soil)
Optimize radioprotection
New hadronic models above 10 GeV/n
The biochip will be tested aboard ISS with dosimeters
ExoMars

26. Deployment of Geant4 on computing grids
Activity #3
Deployment of Geant4 on computing grids

27. Motivation Medical applications of Geant4
large amount of computing power needed especially for
MonteCarlo-based dose calculation in radiotherapy
Systematic validation of Physics (EM, hadronic)
typical situation of hadron therapy simulation :
~3days/1M Pentium-4 3.0GHz processor
Gridification is a solution to boost simulation speed
Open to any application field
Both KEK & IN2P3 involved through LCG/gLite, EGEE, …

28. Geant4 medical applications deployed on GRID
Applications directly based on Geant4
Any type of « classical » radiotherapy setup : brachytherapy, linac, …
Hadrontherapy facilities
Applications based on the GATE / fGATE platforms
Based on Geant4, independent collaboration
Emission tomography detectors (PET, SPECT)
Esay to use User Interface (no need to be a Geant4 expert)

29. Ocular brachytherapy treatment
Potentiality of GATE
Adapted to ET needs
Multiple types of data output
Fast: M events in 1 hour - 1 day
Ease-of-use
Long term availability and support
Modelling ET experiments
Realistic sources (human/animal body or brain)
ET detectors (PET, SPECT, probes.)
Movement (subject, detector, breathing.)
Decay and biological kinetics
Detector and electronics
Radiotherapy
PET camera
Ocular brachytherapy treatment

30. Overview Concatenation Anonymisation G4 / GATE Database Binary file:
Copy the medical image from the SE to the CE
Storage
Element
Computing
Submission of jdls to the CEs
Site1
Retrieving of ROOT output files from CEs
Storage
Element
Computing
Site2
Scanner
slices:
DICOM format
Storage
Element
Computing
User interface
Site3
Concatenation
Anonymisation
Database
Image:
text file
Storage
Element
Computing
Site4
Binary file:
Image.raw
Size 19M

31. Easier GRID access needed
Development of web portals as an easy way to access GRID resources
managing GRID jobs across firewalls
intra-networks of universities/hospitals are closed under firewalls in most cases
users applications are served as Web applications
ex. : fixed application in hadrontherapy simulation changing different parameter sets
Provides a secure (certificates) and efficient way of distributed analysis (job management)
Potentially, a toolkit for constructing GRID web applications (php…)
Activity on both Japan and French sides
Necessity of grid inter-operability

32. Monte Carlo simulations & jobs
Image visualization
Image anonymization
Monte Carlo simulations & jobs
Internet connexion
Genius
Working station
Starting of the installation at Centre Jean Perrin
Metadata management
Results visualization

34. Computing time gains on grid
Radiotherapy
Local CPU
260 h with 3GHz processor
GRID
10 h for 50 divisions
GAIN = 26
Single Photon Emission Tomo.
907 days with 3GHz processor
3 days 1813 submissions, 24h/job
GAIN = 800

35. KEK & IN2P3 teams 12 collaborators (researchers + engineers)
Members of the Geant4 or GATE collaborations
Name
Affiliation
Takashi Sasaki
KEK
Sébastien Incerti
IN2P3 - CENBG
Katsuya Amako
Vincent Breton
IN2P3 – LPC Clermont
Koichi Murakami
Lydia Maigne
Go Iwai
Michel Maire
IN2P3 – LAPP
Hajime Yoshida
Naruto
Jean Jacquemier
Tsukasa Aso
TNCMT
Marc Verderi
IN2P3 - LLR

36. Budget French Teams Japanese Teams Budget Plan Item Q. Euro
Supported by
k Yen
Nb of travels 5
5×2500
IN2P3 8
8×200
KEK
Workshop 1
5000
350
Other:computer 2
2×2000
Total
21500 €
1950 kYen

37. Thank you for your attention !

38. Backup slides

39. Motivation, objectives
Why Geant4 ?
Good for virtual lab
Accumulation of examples in the various fields
HEP, Space, Medical etc.
Advanced interactivity
Which level ?
High-school, University, Professionals
Which Learning style ?
Lab works, Hands-on, projects, distant learning
How can we create course materials ?
Toolkits
Usability
Already in use in Japan, could be exported to France

40. Example of courseware: exercices
Thin target experiment
simple box target, mono-energetic beam
histogram outgoing angle, energy, multiplicity
change energy, models, cross sections & observe results
Model tester
build a stand-alone application which invokes one hadronic model at a time
histogram final state information
Test beam experiment
hadronic calorimeter
look at collected energy resolution
look at e/pi

41. Visualization Samples
These images are samples in different transfer function and color map settings.
Blue region is a dose map region.
If you pick a point in the dose map region, the dose value is displayed.

42. A life marker chip Y Y Y Definition
→ A miniature method allowing identification of biological molecules (biomarkers) for the detection of traces of life in the solar system
→ Recognition using specific molecules (ligands) fixed on a support
Principle Y
Y Y
Ligands fixed on the support
Chemical link
antibodies
Support +
Ligands in solution
« Spotting » of microdroplets
Spots: Vdroplet: pL
droplet : µm
~ 600 spots / cm2 !
Biochip
l = 25 mm
L = 75 mm
H = 1mm

43. Web portal principle Genius Registration and management
of medical images
Genius
Registration and replication anonym medical images
One logical file name corresponding to multiple physical images
Automatic adding and suppression of images
Jobs submissions and
management
Internet connexion
User secured authentication
Splitting of simulations
Automatic files creation submitted to the grid
Jobs submission
Jobs management
Automatic data retrieving (spectrum, isodoses…)
Working station
Starting of the installation at Centre Jean Perrin