1. Introduction to Animal Science

2. Investigate agriculture animals in order to build a foundational knowledge for advanced animal science studies

3. Adapting animal behavior to fit the needs of people.
ANIMAL DOMESTICATION
Adapting animal behavior to fit the needs of people.

4. REASONS FOR DOMESTICATION
To ensure a steadier supply of food and clothing
Companionship
Assist in labor

5. RESULTS OF DOMESTICATION
Less dependence on hunting and wild plants for food
A surer source of food and clothing
A more settled way of life
Selective breeding

6. Origins of Livestock
Talk with the person next to you and determine where YOU think today’s livestock originated from??
Cattle
Swine
Poultry
Equine
Sheep
Goats

7. ORIGIN OF CATTLE Bos taurus- European cattle
Bos indicus- Humped cattle from tropical countries.
India
First brought to the U.S. by Columbus

8. Cattle
Bos taurus
Bos indicus

9. ORIGIN OF CATTLE
Major growth of large herds in great plains states because of grazing.
Midwest and north central states became the main area for finishing cattle because of grain.

10. US Cattle
Finishing
Grazing

11. ORIGIN OF SWINE Sus scrofa and Sus vittatus.
Chinese were first to tame pigs
Brought to new world by Columbus
DeSoto took hogs westward
Midwestern cornbelt states became largest hog producing area

12. Swine
Sus scrofa
Sus vittatus

13. ORIGIN OF SHEEP One of the first animals tamed by humans
Brought to new world by Columbus
Used by colonists mainly for wool
Northeast and Western states are main sheep producing areas

14. Sheep
4000 BC

15. ORIGIN OF GOATS
Pasang and Grecian Ibex- Wild goats found in Asia Minor
Goats brought to new world for milk and hair

16. Goats
Western Asia

17. ORIGIN OF HORSES Evolved from Eohippus First tamed in Asia or Persia
Brought to new world by Columbus
Horses were left behind by explorers
Brought to new world for work animals

18. Horses
Asia and Persia

19. ORIGIN OF POULTRY
Gallus gallus- Wild jungle fowl, ancestor of tame chickens
Turkeys were probably tamed by people originally living in America

20. Poultry
Egypt
India and China
North America

21. Objective
3.01
Recall animal breeds and sex terminology

22. Castrated Male (Immature)
Terms
Species
Intact Male
Castrated Male (Immature)
Immature Female
Mature Female
Newborn
Cattle
Bull
Steer
Heifer
Cow
Calf
Swine
Boar
Barrow
Gilt
Sow
Piglet
Poultry
Rooster
Capon
Pullet
Hen
Chick
Turkey
Tom
Poult
Sheep
Ram
Wether
Ewe Lamb
Ewe
Lamb
Goat
Buck
Doeling
Doe
Kid
Dog
Stud
Neutered
Bitch
Puppy
Cat
Tomcat
Molly
Queen
Kitten

23. Physical Characteristics
Intact Males:
More muscular overall
Typically larger in stature
Grow faster than females
OFTEN exhibit extra muscle in the neck area.

24. Physical Characteristics
Castrated male:
Slower growing and have less muscle overall
Look for evidence of male genitalia such as a sheath to distinguish from females.

25. Physical Characteristics
Mature Female:
Larger Body Structure than immature females.
Mammary Glands more evident even when they are not lactating.

26. Physical Characteristics
Immature Female:
Smaller Stature
Examine genitalia to distinguish from young male animals.

27. Objective Identify the major breeds of beef, swine, and poultry
TAKE THE PRETEST

28. Breeds are categorized…
By Phenotypic Traits:
Color and/or color patterns
Frame and size-heavy vs. light boned.
Tall vs. short
Long body vs. short body
Degree of muscling
Environmental adaptations
Extra skin to improve heat tolerance and insect resistance

29. Angus

30. Beef Breeds Angus Black Polled Originated in Scotland
It is the most “registered” purebred
High in carcass quality

31. Hereford

32. Beef Breeds Hereford Red with White face Horns Originated in England
Docile
Gentle temperament
Good foragers
Efficient converters of forage crops

33. Polled Hereford

34. Polled Hereford Developed from the horned Hereford breed
Originated in 1901
Warren Gammon
Des Moines, Iowa

35. Charolais

36. Beef Breeds Charolais White to light straw colored Naturally Horned
Breeding-up has created polled animals
Large framed
Originated in France

37. Brahman

38. Brahman

39. Beef Breeds Brahman Light Gray to Black or Red Originated in India
Pronounced hump
Loose Dewlap
Insect resistant
Heat tolerant

40. Simmental

41. Beef Breeds Simmental No set color pattern Large framed cattle
Rapid growing cattle breed

42. Limousin

43. Limousin
Native to the south central part of France
Golden-red cattle

44. Beefmaster (Bull)

45. Beefmaster Developed from: Developed by Ed Lasater in 1908 Brahman
Hereford
Shorthorn
Developed by Ed Lasater in 1908

46. Shorthorn

47. Shorthorn Originated in England
Originally used as a dual purpose breed for meat and milk
Sometimes called the Durham breed
Red, red & white, or roan in color
Roan means that one hair is half one color (red) and half white

48. Texas Longhorn

49. Longhorn Developed entirely by nature in North America
Known for its long horns
They have high fertility
The breed was near extinction in 1927

50. Beef Breeds Quiz Beef Breeds Quiz #2

51. Dairy Breeds

52. Holstein

53. Dairy Breeds Holstein 90% of the dairy cattle in the US
Black and white color pattern
Largest frames dairy breed
Leading producer of milk
Produce about 18,000 lbs. Of milk per cow per year

54. Other Dairy Breeds Jersey Guernsey Ayrshire Brown Swiss
Cream to light fawn to almost black
Smallest framed dairy breed
Number one in milk butterfat
Guernsey
Fawn and white
Ayrshire
Cherry red and white
Brown Swiss
Solid brown

55. Guernsey

56. Ayrshire

57. Jersey

58. Brown Swiss

59. Try the Breeds Quiz

60. Identifying Breeds of Swine

61. American Landrace White Long Body Big loped forward ears Large litters
Good mothering ability
Originated in Denmark

62. American Landrace

63. Duroc
Red
Drooped ears
Good growth rate
Excellent feed conversion

64. Duroc

65. Hampshire Black with a white belt Erect ears Good muscle
Carcass leanness

66. Hampshire

67. Yorkshire White Erect ears Large litters Good feed efficiency
Excellent growth and mothering ability
Long carcass

68. Yorkshire

69. Poland China
Drooped ears
Black and white
Sound in its feet and legs

70. Poland China

71. Chester White
Chester County, Pennsylvania
Intermingled English breeds

72. Chester White

73. Tamworth
English breed
Ireland
Bacon-type

74. Tamworth

75. Berkshire Black and white Erect ears Fast and efficient growth
Reproductive efficiency
Cleanness
Meatiness

76. Berkshire

77. Spotted Swine
Popular with farmers and commercial swine producers for their ability to transmit their fast-gaining, feed efficient, meat qualities to their offspring

78. Spotted Swine

79. Try the Swine Breed Quiz

80. Assignment
Read pages 239 to 268 in the Livestock and Companion Animals textbook
Answer the following questions and turn in on notebook paper:

81. Assignment (p )
What is a new breed of pig that looks like the Hereford Cattle Breed?
Explain what a hybrid hog is.
What is the current consumer trend in swine type?
How many piglets are produced on average at each birth?
How do you accurately measure backfat?

82. Total Confinement

84. Farrowing Crate

86. Identifying Breeds of Poultry

87. Breeds, Varieties, Types & Classes
There are no breed registries for poultry unlike other farm animals.
Most commercial producers develop their own “breeds” through crossbreeding different strains/breeds.

88. Breeds, Varieties, Types & Classes
Breed- group of related fowl that breed true for a specific trait
Type- purpose for which it is breed (meat or egg type)
Classes- geographic origin (Mediterranean, American, English and Asiatic)

89. Egg Producers Layers- chickens that produce eggs
White egg producers- small in size
White Leghorns- white plumage
Brown egg producers- larger birds that are not as economical as Leghorns
Rhode Island Reds- dark red plumage
New Hampshires- red plumage
Plymouth Rocks- white plumage

90. White Leghorns (white egg)

91. Rhode Island Red (brown eggs)

92. Barred Rock

93. Layer Cages

95. Meat Producers Chickens used for meat production are called Broilers
Birds used for meat production are usually commercial crosses
Example: White Plymouth Rock females mated to Cornish (English class) males

96. Confinement Broiler House

97. Confinement Broiler House

98. Turkeys Broad Breasted White White plumage
Shanks, feet, and beak is white to pink
White pinfeathers
Increases the value of the carcass
Can survive better in hotter climates
Good body confirmation but smaller than other breeds

99. Broad Breasted White

100. Turkeys Broad Breasted Bronze Black plumage Dark colored pinfeathers
Largest of the turkey varieties
Poor fertility and reproductive problems
Males are not good breeders

101. Broad Breasted Bronze

102. Turkeys Beltsville Small Whites Developed by the USDA
Similar to the Broad Breasted Whites
Averages about 10 lbs. less in mature body weight

103. Beltsville Small Whites

104. Commercial Livestock Used in the livestock and poultry industry
Crosses of more than one breed or strain of breeds
Adds in genetic diversity
Livestock have more desired traits
Undesirable traits can be lessened
Used by most producers

105. Livestock External Anatomy

106. Objective
1.03
Recognize the major parts of cattle, swine and poultry

107. External Parts Anatomy Modified skin: The science of body structure
horns
hooves
feathers
fur
wool
hair

108. Cattle Parts

109. Cattle Parts

110. Cattle Parts
In your notebook draw a diagram of a beef cow labeling 20 different parts including the 11 red stars in the class diagram

111. Cattle Parts

112. Structural Soundness

113. Structural Soundness

114. Structural Soundness

115. Structural Soundness

116. External Parts Quiz

117. Swine Parts
In your notebook draw a diagram of a swine labeling 15 different parts including red stars in the class diagram

118. Swine Parts

119. Poultry Parts comb wattles beak eye ring ear lobe vent hock
Diagram a chicken in your notes labeling these parts: (use the diagram in your textbook for help)
comb
wattles
beak
eye ring
ear lobe
vent
hock
toes
breast
back
abdomen
body
shank

120. Poultry Parts

121. Competency 2.00
Recognize the benefits and importance of agricultural animals

122. Objective
Breeds 2.01
State the importance of livestock products and by-products

123. Livestock Products
Work in groups of three and write down as many animals products and by-products as you can.
You have ~5 min. to complete this task!
We will make a class list to compare all of them.

124. Livestock Products 1. Food 2. Clothing 3. Shelter 4. Power
meat, milk, cheese, eggs
2. Clothing
wool, leather from hides
3. Shelter
tents from hides
4. Power
work in less developed countries

125. Livestock Products 5. Recreation 6. Fuel 7. Animals are converters
horse back riding, rodeos
6. Fuel
burn dry animal manure
7. Animals are converters
eat stuff humans will not eat and convert these materials into food
meat, eggs, milk, etc.

126. Which of the following was not made from animals:

128. Answer!

129. By-Products 1. Wool (from??) 2. Leather (from??)
3. Candy and chewing gum from animal fat
4. Gelatin - from horns, hooves, bones, and hides
5. Glue, cosmetics, waxes, soap, lubricants, brushes, etc.

130. Wool

131. By-Products 6. Animal feeds from scrap meat and bones and blood meal
7. Insulin
for diabetics
from livestock pancreas

132. By-Products 8. Heparin 9. Candles 10. Fertilizer for blood clotting
from livestock lungs
9. Candles
10. Fertilizer

133. Assignment
You and a partner will choose any animal by-product and create a brochure
Discuss what the by-product is.
Which animal and part does it come from?
Do we still use these by-products today? Or do we make it synthetically now?
What is the history behind this by-product?
Who created it? Was it just found? Who created the use for it? Etc…

134. Trends in Animal Science
Income from livestock, poultry, and their products is about twice that from all crops in NC.

135. Objective
2.02
Describe the economic importance and trends for each major classes of livestock and poultry produced in North Carolina

137. Swine

138. Trends in NC Swine The top agriculture commodity in North Carolina
found mostly in the eastern 1/2 of the state
North Carolina ranks 2nd nationally
Iowa is 1st

140. Trends in NC Swine
The swine industry brings in over 1.5 billion dollars to the state
The number of swine farms is decreasing
The size of farms is increasing

141. Poultry

144. Trends in NC Poultry Broilers are one of NC’s top ranked commodity
Broilers bring in over 1.5 billion dollars in cash receipts to NC agriculture

145. Trends in NC Poultry
Recent health concerns has increased the consumption of poultry products
less fat
subcutaneous fat layer
Regardless of the salmonella poisoning scare.

146. Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Cash Receipts from Farm Marketing, 2001

147. Economic Importance Turkeys bring in about $500,000,000 to NC economy
Cattle bring in approximately $200 million

148. Cabarrus County Livestock Rank Within State, (2010 estimates)
Hogs- 46st (5,700)
Cattle-23rd (11,600)
Beef Cattle 15th (6,400)
Milk Cattle 24th (400)
Broilers- 39th (3,400,000)
Livestock together brought in $19,934,000 to NC (ranked 48th)

149. Statistics Charts and statistics provided by: NCDA USDA
USDA