1. What is the blood type of this sample?
2/28 Do Now
What is the blood type of this sample?

2. What kind of tissue is blood?
Introduction
Blood transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body.
Hematophobia = An abnormal and persistent fear of blood.
What kind of tissue is blood?
Composed of 2 basic components:
1. Cells (rbc, wbc, platelets)
2. Plasma (water, amino acids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, cellular waste)
Hematocrit - the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

3. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
Circular shape
2-3 million per cubic millimeter
Do not have a nucleus
Transport oxygen throughout the body (hemoglobin)
Hematopoiesis is the process of creating new blood cells in the body.
As red blood cells wear out in the bloodstream, they are taken in by the spleen and destroyed. 
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidney that leads to the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Oxyhemoglobin – bright red
Deoxyhemoglobin – blackish red

4. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Defend body against disease-causing agents.
the first cells to migrate to the site of the infection to begin killing the invading microbes
implicated in numerous inflammatory processes, especially allergic disorders
contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues.
Three functions: phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production.
Eliminate the antigen, either by releasing antibodies (B Cells), cytotoxic T cells, or by signaling to other cells of the immune system (helper T cells).

5. PLATELETS (thrombocytes)
- help initiate formation of blood clots, close breaks in damaged blood vessels

6. Blood Plasma - the liquid portion of the blood, 92% water
- the liquid portion of the blood, 92% water
- transport nutrients, gases, vitamins, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and pH
Plasma Proteins:
1. Albumins - main protein of human blood plasma. Its main function is to regulate the pressure of blood.
2. Globulins - assisting in immune function.
3. Fibrinogen -made in the liver. Fibrinogen is 1 of 13 coagulation factors responsible for normal blood clotting.

7. Hemostasis
The process of stopping bleeding. Involves coagulation and the clotting of blood to seal site of damage.
3 Key Events:
1. Blood vessel spasm = vasoconstriction
2. Platelet plug formation = collagen fibers form a network
3. Blood coagulation = blood clotting
Thrombin causes change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which trap platelets and blood cells to form a hematoma.
Thrombus = a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel
Embolus = when the clot moves and becomes lodged in another place

9. BLOOD TYPES
Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered human blood groups

10. Blood Type is Controlled by 3 Alleles
Alleles: A, B, O
A & B are codominant
O is recessive

11. Genotypes

12. Consider Both Parents
Type A (genotype AA) x Type O (genotype OO)

13. Blood Type Antigens

14. Blood that has antibodies on it that is not recognized by the body will be attacked by your immune system
AB is the Universal Acceptor
O is the Universal Donor

15. Rh Factor
A person can either be Rh + or Rh –
(positive is dominant)

16. Rh Factor and Pregnancy
Problem: When a fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, this can cause the mother’s immune system to attack the fetus. There are drugs that will suppress this reaction.

18. Blood Safety EXAMPLES OF BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS HEPATITIS B (HBV)
HEPATITIS C (HCV)
Other NON A, NON B HEPATITIS
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
MALARIA
OTHER POTENTIALLY INFECTIOUS MATERIALS

19. Avoid Contact With Blood
Wear gloves
Dispose of items that have been contaminated (tissues, needles, bandaids) in biohazard containers
Do not “horse around”
Treat every person as if they may be carrying an infectious disease

20. BLOOD DISORDERS

21. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
CO binds to your hemoglobin, prevents oxygen from binding.  Can be fatal.   It is a "silent killer" as people often die in their sleep when a heater fails.
Carbon monoxide deaths are more likely to occur in winter

22. 2. ANEMIA Iron-Deficiency Anemia - low iron, most common
*treated with iron supplements
Aplastic Anemia – bone marrow does not produce enough RBC

23. Hemorrhagic anemia – due to extreme blood loss
Pernicious anemia – B12 deficiency

24. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Genetic Disorder Abnormally shaped blood cells
Parents can be carriers (asymptomatic)

25. Symptoms:
Pain
Lethargy
Lifelong anemia (low red blood count)
Organ failure
Stroke

26. Sickle Cell Anemia is actually codominant
AA = normal
Aa = sickle cell trait (few symptoms) aa = sickle cell anemia

27. 3. Leukemia Cancer of the blood Overproduction of wbc’s
They take the place of RBCs
Treatable with bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, radiation
Leukemia is one of the most common childhood cancers. It occurs when large numbers of abnormal white blood cells fill the bone marrow and sometimes enter the bloodstream.

28. Blood Smear of a patient with Leukemia

29. 4. Mononucleosis
sometimes called "mono" is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The designation "mononucleosis" refers to an increase in one type of white blood cells (lymphocytes) in the bloodstream
EBV is very common, and many people have been exposed to the virus at some time in childhood. 

30. 5. Blood poisoning - Septicemia
An infection enters the bloodstream
Can be deadly
Treated with antibiotics
Also called "sepsis"

31. 6. HEMOPHILIA This disorder causes a failure of the blood to clot
Patients can be treated with blood transfusions that include clotting agents.
Sex-Linked trait – On the X chromosome

32. Hemophilia is carried on the X chromosome
Females X H X H normal
X H X h carrier
X h X h hemophiliac
Males X H Y normal
X h Y hemophiliac

33. Queen Victoria
Carrier for Hemophilia

35. 7. Jaundice In newborns, caused by the liver not functioning fully.
Bilirubin builds up, causing a yellow color
Fluorescent lights (bili lights) used to treat condition

36. Quick Genetics Review One allele is usually dominant over the other
A gene consists of 2 alleles (represented by letters)
One allele is usually dominant over the other
Example:
Genotype     Phenotype
PP            widow’s peak
Pp             widow’s peak
pp          straight  hairline

37. A person with a widow's peak (Pp) is married to a person with a straight hairline (pp), what percentage of their children will have a straight hairline?

38. A female has sickle cell anemia and is married to a man who appears normal.  A doctor tests the man and determines that he does NOT have sickle cell trait.  What is the chance that this couple will have a child with sickle cell anemia?

39. What happens when a female who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a normal man?