1. Carbonyl compounds
“Class I” “Class II”

2. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Structure and Spectroscopy

3. Acid Derivatives
Nomenclature
Acyl halides: alkanoyl halides
Anhydrides: alkanoic anhydrides
Esters: alkyl alkanoates
Amides: N-alkyl (or N,N-dialkyl) alkanamides

4. Mechanism for Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution

5. Formation of acid chlorides

6. Formation of acid chlorides

7. Reactions of acid chlorides:
Acid anhydride formation

8. Acid anhydride formation

9. Reactions of acid chlorides and anhydrides:
Ester formation

10. Ester formation

11. Reactions of esters
Hydrolysis (acidic conditions)

12. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters

13. Reactions of esters
Saponification (hydrolysis under basic conditions)

14. Reactions of esters
Saponification

15. Reactions of acid chlorides and anhydrides:
Amide formation

16. Amide formation

17. Different types of amides
succinimide caprylolactam

18. Reactions of amides
Hydrolysis - acid catalyzed

19. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis

20. Preparation of Acids
Hydrolysis of Nitriles

21. Hydrolysis of Nitriles

22. Mechanism for Hydrolysis of Nitriles

28. Thioesters

29. Thioesters and transesterification

30. Thioesters and transesterification