1. Bones, Joints and Muscles
inside our bodies
PHYSICAL EDUCATION ESO

2. Skeleton – the bones

3. Skeleton – summary The skeleton has 5 main functions: Support Shape
Exercise and diet are really important for healthy bones and teeth.
The skeleton has 5 main functions:
Support
Shape
Protection
Movement
Making blood cells
Did you know that the human body has 206 bones? The longest is our femur in the leg and the smallest is the stirrup in the ear about 3mm long!
Bones contain important minerals like calcium.

4. Skeleton – 5 functions Shape
The skeleton gives our bodies their “body shape”.
Support
The skeleton gives our body a frame. Without it, we would collapse like jelly!
Protection
Our bones protect our vital organs e.g. the brain and heart.
Make blood cells
New blood is made inside our bones to keep us strong and healthy
Movement
Our muscles work to move our bones. Joints make the bones move in a certain way.

5. Joints allow your body to move in different ways.
Joints – Intro
There are 3 types of joint:
Fixed (fibrous) joints
Slightly movable (cartilaginous) joints
Movable (synovial)
Joints allow your body to move in different ways.
Joints, muscles and bones are connected by tissues: Cartilage, Ligaments and Tendons

6. Joints – Spine
The spine or backbone is divided into 5 different sections:
Cervical Vertebrae
Thoracic Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx

7. Joints – Movement
Joints move in different ways. There are 5 types of joint movement.
Flexion – when a joint closes
Extension – when a joint opens
Abduction – when a body part moves away from the centre of the body
Adduction – when a body part moves towards the centre of the body.
Rotation – when a bone move around a pivot point.

8. Muscles – 3 Types Cardiac Muscles Only in the heart.
Contract and relax continuously.
Work without effort.
Involuntary Muscles
Around organs such as the intestines and blood vessels.
Work without effort.
Voluntary Muscles
Attached to skeleton
Work under your control.

9. The body has about 620 different muscles to help us move!
Did you know?
The body has about 620 different muscles to help us move!
Muscles
Trapezius
Deltoids
Pectorals
Triceps
Biceps
Abdonminals
Latissimus dorsi
Quadriceps
Gluteals
Gastrocnemius
(Calf)
Hamstrings

10. Muscles – How do they work?
Muscles pull our bones
4 Effects of using muscles
They are attached to 2 bones by tendons
Muscle Fatigue
When you use your muscles they get tired.
Muscles contract and relax
Muscle Atrophy
If you don’t use your muscles they shrink (get smaller).
Muscles work in pairs
Muscle Hypertrophy
If you use your muscles they develop (get bigger).
One contracts and the other relaxes
The muscle that contracts is agonist
Cramp
A sudden contraction of a muscle that won’t relax.
The other is antagonist