1. Warm-Up – 2/28 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe three main purposes of the aircraft powerplant?
List the various means engine designs can be classified.
What is a major disadvantage of an inline engine?
Describe a major advantage of a horizontally opposed aircraft powerplant?
Describe the four stroke sequence of a four stroke reciprocating engine?

2. Questions / Comments

3. Warm-Up – 2/28 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe three main purposes of the aircraft powerplant?
List the various means engine designs can be classified.
What is a major disadvantage of an inline engine?
Describe a major advantage of a horizontally opposed aircraft powerplant?
Describe the four stroke sequence of a four stroke reciprocating engine?

4. Aircraft Systems Powerplant
An aircraft engine, or powerplant, produces thrust to propel an aircraft.
Reciprocating engines work in combination with a propeller to produce thrust.
These powerplants also drive the various systems that support the operation of an aircraft.

5. Warm-Up – 2/28 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe three main purposes of the aircraft powerplant?
List the various means engine designs can be classified.
What is a major disadvantage of an inline engine?
Describe a major advantage of a horizontally opposed aircraft powerplant?
Describe the four stroke sequence of a four stroke reciprocating engine?

6. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Engine designs can be further classified as:
Cylinder arrangement with respect to the crankshaft—radial, in-line, v-type, or opposed.
Operating cycle—two or four.
Method of cooling—liquid or air.

7. Warm-Up – 2/28 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe three main purposes of the aircraft powerplant?
List the various means engine designs can be classified.
What is a major disadvantage of an inline engine?
Describe a major advantage of a horizontally opposed aircraft powerplant?
Describe the four stroke sequence of a four stroke reciprocating engine?

8. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
In-line engines have a comparatively small frontal area, but their power-to-weight ratios are relatively low.
In addition, the rearmost cylinders of an air-cooled, in-line engine receive very little cooling air.

9. Warm-Up – 2/28 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe three main purposes of the aircraft powerplant?
List the various means engine designs can be classified.
What is a major disadvantage of an inline engine?
Describe a major advantage of a horizontally opposed aircraft powerplant?
Describe the four stroke sequence of a four stroke reciprocating engine?

10. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
These engines always have an even number of cylinders, since a cylinder on one side of the crankcase “opposes” a cylinder on the other side.
The majority of these engines are air cooled and usually are mounted in a horizontal position when installed on fixed-wing airplanes..

11. Warm-Up – 2/28 – 10 minutes
Utilizing your notes and past knowledge answer the following questions:
Describe three main purposes of the aircraft powerplant?
List the various means engine designs can be classified.
What is a major disadvantage of an inline engine?
Describe a major advantage of a horizontally opposed aircraft powerplant?
Describe the four stroke sequence of a four stroke reciprocating engine?

12. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
In a four-stroke engine the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy occurs over a four stroke operating cycle.
The intake, compression, power, and exhaust processes occur in four separate strokes of the piston.

13. Questions / Comments

14. THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 28
1907 — Cabinet-maker Charles Voisin begins tests of the airplane made by his company for Lèon Delagrange.
He takes off for a hop of several feet, but the fuselage breaks up.

15. THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 28
1918 — Regulation of the airways begins as United States President Woodrow Wilson issues an order requiring licenses for civilian pilots and owners.
Over 800 licenses are issued.

16. THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 28
1929 — An amendment to the Air Commerce Act, effective in June, provides for the federal licensing of flying schools.

17. THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 28
1934 — Laura H. Ingalls flies from Glenn Curtiss Airport, North Beach, New York, 17,000-mile tour of South America, including a solo flight across the Andes, and returns to Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn, New York, on April 25.

18. THIS DAY IN AVIATION February 28
1947 — A North American F-82 “Twin Mustang” sets a record by flying nonstop from Hawaii to New York in 14 hours 33 minutes.

19. Questions / Comments

20. February / March 2017 Quiz HOLIDAY 30 31 1 2 3 Flight Line Friday 4 5
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday 30
Chapter 4
Aerodynamics of Flight 31 1 2
Quiz 3
Flight Line Friday 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QUIZ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
TEST 18 19 20
HOLIDAY 21
Chapter 5
Flight Controls 22 23 24 25 26 27
Chapter 6
Flight Systems
Powerplants 28
Propellers
Induction Carb Systems
Carb Icing and Heating

21. 1st Quarter Requirements (12 days of Class Meetings – Mar 15)
All students will complete the following:
Take notes - All in class quizzes and tests
Complete Flight Sim. Tutorials (1 – 5 x 3 + 1)
Aircraft Fam. and Student Pilot Syllabus
Lessons 1 – 7 (Straight & Level Flight through First Solo)
Must pass written with 80%
Successfully complete 3 times on small sim
Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim
Complete ERAU Aviation 101
6 quizzes and 2 tests
Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work – NO make-up / extra credit

22. Questions / Comments

23. Chapter 6 – Aircraft Systems
FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

24. Today’s Mission Requirements
Identify in writing the primary systems found on most aircraft.
Describe the basic operation and characteristics of the primary aircraft systems.
EQ:
Describe the importance of Aeronautical Knowledge for the student pilot learning to fly.

25. Aircraft Systems Propeller
The propeller is a rotating airfoil, subject to induced drag, stalls, and other aerodynamic principles that apply to any airfoil.
The engine power is used to rotate the propeller, which in turn generates thrust very similar to the manner in which a wing produces lift.

26. Aircraft Systems Propeller
The reason for the twist is to produce uniform lift from the hub to the tip.
As the blade rotates, there is a difference in the actual speed of the various portions of the blade.

27. Aircraft Systems Propeller
The tip of the blade travels faster than the part near the hub, because the tip travels a greater distance than the hub in the same length of time.

28. Aircraft Systems Propeller
Fixed-Pitch Propeller
A propeller with fixed blade angles is a fixed-pitch propeller.
The pitch of this propeller is set by the manufacturer and cannot be changed.

29. Aircraft Systems Propeller
Since a fixed-pitch propeller achieves the best efficiency only at a given combination of airspeed and rpm, the pitch setting is ideal for neither cruise nor climb.
The fixed-pitch propeller is used when low weight, simplicity, and low cost are needed.

30. Aircraft Systems Propeller
In a fixed-pitch propeller, the tachometer is the indicator of engine power.
A tachometer is calibrated in hundreds of rpm and gives a direct indication of the engine and propeller rpm.
The instrument is color coded, with a green arc denoting the maximum continuous operating rpm.

31. Aircraft Systems Propeller
The rpm is regulated by the throttle.
The higher the tachometer reading, the higher the power output of the engine.

32. Aircraft Systems Propeller
When operating altitude increases, the tachometer may not show correct power output of the engine.
For example, 2,300 rpm at 5,000 feet produces less horsepower than 2,300 rpm at sea level because power output depends on air density.
Air density decreases with altitude.

33. Aircraft Systems Propeller
As altitude changes, the position of the throttle must be changed to maintain the same rpm.
As altitude is increased, the throttle must be opened further to indicate the same rpm as at a lower altitude.

34. Aircraft Systems Propeller
Adjustable-Pitch Propeller
A constant-speed propeller is a controllable-pitch propeller whose pitch is automatically varied in flight by a governor maintaining constant rpm despite varying air loads.

35. Aircraft Systems Propeller
The main advantage of a constant-speed propeller is that it converts a high percentage of brake horsepower (BHP) into thrust horsepower (THP) over a wide range of rpm and airspeed combinations.
A constant-speed propeller is more efficient than other propellers because it allows selection of the most efficient engine rpm for the given conditions.

36. Aircraft Systems Propeller
An aircraft with a constant-speed propeller has two controls:
the throttle and the propeller control.
The throttle controls power output and the propeller control regulates engine rpm.
This in turn regulates propeller rpm which is registered on the tachometer.

37. Aircraft Systems Propeller
Once a specific rpm is selected, a governor automatically adjusts the propeller blade angle as necessary to maintain the selected rpm.
As long as the propeller blade angle is within the constant-speed range and not against either pitch stop, a constant engine rpm will be maintained.

38. Aircraft Systems Propeller
On aircraft equipped with a constant-speed propeller, power output is controlled by the throttle and indicated by a manifold pressure gauge
The gauge measures the absolute pressure of the fuel/air mixture inside the intake manifold and is more correctly a measure of manifold absolute pressure (MAP).

39. Aircraft Systems Propeller
At a constant rpm and altitude, the amount of power produced is directly related to the fuel/air flow being delivered to the combustion chamber.
As the throttle setting is increased, more fuel and air flows to the engine and MAP increases.

40. Class Summary - Propellers
The propeller is a rotating airfoil, subject to induced drag, stalls, and other aerodynamic principles that apply to any airfoil.
Types of propellers include:
Fixed pitch and adjustable

41. Questions / Comments

42. 1st Quarter Requirements (12 days of Class Meetings – Mar 15)
All students will complete the following:
Take notes - All in class quizzes and tests
Complete Flight Sim. Tutorials (1 – 5 x 3 + 1)
Aircraft Fam. and Student Pilot Syllabus
Lessons 1 – 7 (Straight & Level Flight through First Solo)
Must pass written with 80%
Successfully complete 3 times on small sim
Successfully complete 1 time on Main sim
Complete ERAU Aviation 101
6 quizzes and 2 tests
Student will receive zero points for all incomplete work – NO make-up / extra credit

43. FAA Quiz Questions

44. Aircraft Systems Propeller
How is engine operation controlled on an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller?
A - The Throttle controls power output as registered on the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller control regulates the engine RPM.
B - The throttle controls power output as registered on the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller control regulates a constant blade angle.
C - The throttle controls engine RPM as registered on the tachometer and the mixture control regulates the power output.

45. Aircraft Systems Propeller
How is engine operation controlled on an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller?
A - The Throttle controls power output as registered on the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller control regulates the engine RPM.
B - The throttle controls power output as registered on the manifold pressure gauge and the propeller control regulates a constant blade angle.
C - The throttle controls engine RPM as registered on the tachometer and the mixture control regulates the power output.

46. Aircraft Systems Propeller
An aircraft with a constant-speed propeller has two controls:
the throttle and the propeller control.
The throttle controls power output and the propeller control regulates engine rpm.
This in turn regulates propeller rpm which is registered on the tachometer.

47. Aircraft Systems Propeller
What is an advantage of a constant-speed propeller?
A – Permits the pilot to select and maintain a desired cruising speed
B – Permits the pilot to select the blade angle for the most efficient performance.
C – Provides a smoother operation with stable RPM and eliminates vibrations.

48. Aircraft Systems Propeller
What is an advantage of a constant-speed propeller?
A – Permits the pilot to select and maintain a desired cruising speed
B – Permits the pilot to select the blade angle for the most efficient performance.
C – Provides a smoother operation with stable RPM and eliminates vibrations.

49. Aircraft Systems Propeller
The main advantage of a constant-speed propeller is that it converts a high percentage of brake horsepower (BHP) into thrust horsepower (THP) over a wide range of rpm and airspeed combinations.
A constant-speed propeller is more efficient than other propellers because it allows selection of the most efficient engine rpm for the given conditions.

50. Aircraft Systems Propeller
A precaution for the operation of an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller is to:
A – avoid high RPM settings with high manifold pressure
B – avoid high manifold pressure settings with low RPM.
C – always use a rich mixture with high RPM settings.

51. Aircraft Systems Propeller
A precaution for the operation of an engine equipped with a constant-speed propeller is to:
A – avoid high RPM settings with high manifold pressure
B – avoid high manifold pressure settings with low RPM.
C – always use a rich mixture with high RPM settings.

52. Aircraft Systems Propeller
Avoid operation at low rpm and high manifold pressure.
The engine and/or airframe manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed to prevent severe wear, fatigue, and damage to high-performance reciprocating engines.

53. Aircraft Systems Propeller
There are two types of fixed-pitch propellers:
climb and cruise.
The climb propeller has a lower pitch, therefore less drag.
Less drag results in higher rpm and more horsepower capability, which increases performance during takeoffs and climbs, but decreases performance during cruising flight.

54. Aircraft Systems Propeller
The cruise propeller has a higher pitch, therefore more drag.
More drag results in lower rpm and less horsepower capability, which decreases performance during takeoffs and climbs, but increases efficiency during cruising flight.

55. Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1
2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson.
3. List 3 things you learned today.
1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.

56. Warm Up Questions
What rotates the Propeller? Engine Power Which type of propeller is used when low cost, low weight, and simplicity are needed? Fixed Pitch What are the types of fixed pitch propeller? Climb and Cruise What is the Advantage of having an adjustable pitch propeller? Converts a high percentage of brake horsepower into thrust horsepower What automatically adjusts the Propeller blade of an adjustable pitch propeller? A Governor

57. Quiz Questions
1. T/F the amount of power produced directly related to the fuel/air flow

58. Quiz Questions 2. A propeller with fixed blade angles is
a) a fixed-pitch propeller
b) a controllable-pitch propeller
c) there's no difference
d) crashing

59. Quiz Questions
3. Manufacturer’s recommendations ______ be followed to prevent ______ ,_____, and______.
Should/Fatigue/Damage/Wear

60. Quiz Questions
4. When _________ increases, the tachometer may not show correct power output of the engine.
Airflow

61. Quiz Questions
5. In a fixed-pitch propeller, the tachometer is the indicator of ________.
Engine Power

62. Quiz Questions
6. Once a specific rpm is selected, a _______ automatically adjusts the _______ angle as necessary to maintain the selected _____.
Governor/propeller blade/selected rpm.

63. Quiz Questions
7. The _____ propeller has a higher pitch, therefore more _____.
Cruise/Drag

64. Quiz Questions
8. The main advantage of a ____________ is that it converts a high percentage of brake horsepower (BHP) into thrust horsepower (THP) over a wide range of rpm and airspeed combinations.
Constant Speed Propeller

65. Quiz Questions
9. The ________ is a rotating ________, subject to _____ _____, stalls, and other ___________ that apply to any airfoil.
propeller/airfoil/Induced drag/aerodynamic principles

66. Quiz Questions
10. The rpm is regulated by the _________.
Throttle