1. Paul Frank George Prager (You describe the relationships)
#AALL12
FRBR in Action, or, How Did RDA End Up Like This? A library encounter in one act and five commentaries For two actors and PowerPoint  
Paul Frank
George Prager
(You describe the relationships)

2. #AALL12
FRBR USER TASK 1: FIND
FIND entities that correspond to the user's search criteria

3. FRBR USER TASK 2: IDENTIFY
#AALL12
FRBR USER TASK 2: IDENTIFY
IDENTIFY an entity (i.e., to confirm that the entity described corresponds to the entity sought, or to distinguish between two or more entities with similar characteristics)

4. #AALL12
FRBR USER TASK 3: SELECT
SELECT an entity that is appropriate to the user's needs -- i.e., to choose an entity that meets the user's requirements with respect to content, physical format, etc....

5. #AALL12
FRBR USER TASK 4: OBTAIN
Acquire or OBTAIN access to the entity described -- i.e., to acquire an entity through purchase, loan, etc., or to access an entity electronically...

6. FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES: WORK
#AALL12
FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES: WORK
A “distinct intellectual or artistic creation”
An abstract entity
No single material object one can point to as the work
FRBR GROUP ONE ENTITY: WORK: a "distinct intellectual or artistic creation." A work is an abstract entity; there is no single material object one can point to as the work. Because the notion of a work is abstract, it is difficult to define precise boundaries for the entity. The concept of what constitutes a work and where the line of demarcation lies between one work and another may in fact be viewed differently from one culture to another. Consequently the bibliographic conventions established by various cultures or national groups may differ in terms of the criteria they use for determining the boundaries between one work and another.

7. FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES: EXPRESSION
#AALL12
FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES: EXPRESSION
The intellectual or artistic realization of a work
The specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is "realized”
FRBR GROUP ONE ENTITY: EXPRESSION: the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms. An expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is "realized." Expression encompasses, for example, the specific words, sentences, paragraphs, etc. that result from the realization of a work in the form of a text, or the particular notes, phrasing, etc. resulting from the realization of a musical work. The boundaries of the entity expression are defined, however, so as to exclude aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout, that are not integral to the intellectual or artistic realization of the work as such.
Inasmuch as the form of expression is an inherent characteristic of the expression, any change in form (e.g., from alpha-numeric notation to spoken word) results in a new expression. Similarly, changes in the intellectual conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g., translation from one language to another) result in the production of a new expression. Strictly speaking, any change in intellectual or artistic content constitutes a change in expression. Thus, if a text is revised or modified, the resulting expression is considered to be a new expression, no matter how minor the modification may be.

8. FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES: MANIFESTATION
#AALL12
FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES: MANIFESTATION
The physical embodiment of an expression of a work
FRBR GROUP ONE ENTITY: MANIFESTATION: the physical embodiment of an expression of a work. The entity defined as manifestation encompasses a wide range of materials, including manuscripts, books, periodicals, maps, posters, sound recordings, films, video recordings, CD-ROMs, multimedia kits, etc. As an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form. When a work is realized, the resulting expression of the work may be physically embodied on or in a medium such as paper, audio tape, video tape, canvas, plaster, etc. That physical embodiment constitutes a manifestation of the work.

9. FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES: ITEM
#AALL12
FRBR GROUP 1 ENTITIES: ITEM
A single exemplar of a manifestation
A concrete entity
Normally the same as the manifestation itself
FRBR GROUP ONE ENTITY: ITEM: a single exemplar of a manifestation. The entity defined as item is a concrete entity. It is in many instances a single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph, a single audio cassette, etc.). There are instances, however, where the entity defined as item comprises more than one physical object (e.g., a monograph issued as two separately bound volumes, a recording issued on three separate compact discs, etc.).
In terms of intellectual content and physical form, an item exemplifying a manifestation is normally the same as the manifestation itself. However, variations may occur from one item to another, even when the items exemplify the same manifestation, where those variations are the result of actions external to the intent of the producer of the manifestation (e.g., damage occurring after the item was produced, binding performed by a library, etc.).

10. FRBR Group 1 Entities Work Expression Manifestation Item
is realized through
Expression
These four entities in Group 1 are the product of intellectual and/or artistic endeavor – the content and the packages that contain that content – all of the bibliographic resources that we want to make available to our users – the things libraries collect or provide access to. The model calls these work, expression, manifestation, and item. The entities form a hierarchy with work at the top of the model so it may help to see them in a diagram as here.
This diagram begins to show how the Group 1 entities are related to each other.
is embodied in
Intellectual/Artistic Content
Physical – Recording of Content
Manifestation
one
many
is exemplified by
Item

11. FRBR GROUP 2 ENTITIES: PERSON
#AALL12
FRBR GROUP 2 ENTITIES: PERSON
Involved in the creation or realization of a work
Or are the subject of a work
Allows identification of the person in a consistent manner
FRBR GROUP TWO ENTITY: PERSON: persons are treated as entities only to the extent that they are involved in the creation or realization of a work (e.g., as authors, composers, artists, editors, translators, directors, performers, etc.), or are the subject of a work (e.g., as the subject of a biographical or autobiographical work, of a history, etc.). Defining the entity person enables us to name and identify the individual in a consistent manner, independently of how the individual’s name appears on or in any particular expression or manifestation of a work. Defining person as an entity also enables us to draw relationships between a specific person and a work or expression of a work for which that person may be responsible, or between a work and the person that is the subject of the work.

12. FRBR GROUP 2 ENTITIES: CORPORATE BODY
#AALL12
FRBR GROUP 2 ENTITIES: CORPORATE BODY
Involved in the creation or realization of a work
Or are the subject of a work
Allows identification of the corporate body in a consistent manner
FRBR GROUP TWO ENTITY: CORPORATE BODY: corporate bodies are treated as entities only to the extent that they are involved in the creation or realization of a work, or are the subject of a work (e.g., as the subject of a biographical or autobiographical work, of a history, etc.).

13. FRBR GROUP 3 ENTITIES: SUBJECTS OF WORKS
#AALL12
FRBR GROUP 3 ENTITIES: SUBJECTS OF WORKS
Concepts, objects, events, places
Any of the “Group 1” or “Group 2” entities
FRBR GROUP THREE ENTITY: GROUP ONE WORK!: FRBR “Group 3” entities are the subjects of works. These can be concepts, objects, events, places, and any of the “Group 1” or “Group 2” entities. For example, you can have a work about another work or a work about a person or corporate body.

14. FRBR ATTRIBUTES AND RELATIONSHIPS
#AALL12
FRBR ATTRIBUTES AND RELATIONSHIPS
Each FRBR entity has a set of characteristics or attributes
Attributes serve as the means by which users formulate searches and interpret results
Attributes are defined with the user in mind
Each of the entities defined in the FRBR model has associated with it a set of characteristics or attributes. The attributes of the entity serve as the means by which users formulate queries and interpret responses when seeking information about a particular entity. Attributes have been expressed in terms of the characteristics of an entity as they might be viewed by a user.

15. Attributes of a WORK Title of the work Form of work Date of the work
#AALL12
Attributes of a WORK
Title of the work
Form of work
Date of the work
Other distinguishing characteristic
Intended termination
Intended audience
Context for the work
Others …
See pp of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report.

16. Attributes of an EXPRESSION
#AALL12
Attributes of an EXPRESSION
Form of expression
Date of the expression
Language of the expression
Other distinguishing characteristic
Extensibility of expression
Revisibility of expression
Extent of the expression
Summarization of content
Others …
See pp of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report.

17. Attributes of a MANIFESTATION (I)
#AALL12
Attributes of a MANIFESTATION (I)
Title of the manifestation
Statement of responsibility
Edition/issue designation
Place of publication/distribution
Publisher/distributor
Date of publication/distribution
See pp of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report.

18. Attributes of a MANIFESTATION (II)
#AALL12
Attributes of a MANIFESTATION (II)
Fabricator/manufacturer
Series statement
Form of carrier
Extent of the carrier
Physical medium
Others …
See pp of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report.

19. Attributes of an ITEM Item identifier Fingerprint
#AALL12
Attributes of an ITEM
Item identifier
Fingerprint
Provenance of the item
Marks/inscriptions
Exhibition history
Condition of the item
Treatment history
Scheduled treatment
Access restrictions on the item
See pp of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report.

20. Entity Relationships and FRBR
#AALL12
Entity Relationships and FRBR
Inherent relationships:
work “is realized by” by an expression
expression “is embodied in” a manifestation
manifestation “is exemplified by” an item
Content relationships:
Equivalence
Derivative
Descriptive
Whole/part
Part-to-part
Shared characteristics
Barbara Tillett: Within FRBR there are relationships that are inherent among the entities: A work “is realized by” by an expression – that’s a relationship, and an expression “is embodied in” a manifestation – that’s a relationship. A manifestation “is exemplified by” an item – that’s a relationship.
But how do we know about these relationships? We rely on information that we pick up from examining an item. Sometimes that item will self-describe which work it contains.
A characteristic of a work (like its subject or what it is about or its name or the name of its creator) is carried to all the entities below it in the hierarchy. This is important because we could associate certain descriptors at the work level that then could apply to all records for the associated manifestations… more about this when we look at scenarios.
So, there are inherent relationships among the entities, like saying “a work is realized.”
Another way to look at this is through the content relationships among works, that are then inherited by their expressions, manifestations, and items. Many years ago I suggested a taxonomy of relationships: equivalence, derivative, descriptive, whole/part, and part-to-part (sequential and accompanying), and shared characteristics relationships. These content relationships and the inherent relationships will be covered in RDA.
Some of these relationships are described in FRBR, such as equivalent, derivative, and descriptive relationships of the content. There are also whole-part relationships with aggregates and their components mentioned in FRBR.

21. Entity Relationships and FRBR
#AALL12
Entity Relationships and FRBR
The first stage of information system design uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored.
(Animation: diagram elements enter in sequence on mouse click)
We can diagram the model using boxes for the entities and arrows to show the relationships.
performs
Artist
Song
was performed by
has
has
Name
--an attribute
of a Person
Title
--an attribute
of a Work

22. FRBR Relationships: Group 1 to Group 2
FRBR - Tillett presentation, March 4, 2009
FRBR Relationships: Group 1 to Group 2
Person
Daniel Boorstin
Creates
Created by
(Animation: each element appears on mouse click)
This illustration show how a Person (Richard Wagner), can have multiple roles. He is both a composer and a librettist for an opera (Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg).
Work
Mysterious science of the law

23. FRBR Relationships: Group 1 to Group 2 to Group 3
FRBR - Tillett presentation, March 4, 2009
FRBR Relationships: Group 1 to Group 2 to Group 3
Work
Commentaries on the laws of England
Person
William Blackstone
Created by
Creates
Has Subject (One-Way)
Has Subject (One-Way)
Work
Mysterious science of the law
Concept/Topic
Law—Philosophy
Law—Great Britain
Complex animation.
Has Subject
Created by
Creates
Is Subject of
Person
Daniel Boorstin

24. Cataloging Rules Cut-Off Point
1Based on diagram in “Bibliographic Relationships,” Barbara B. Tillett. Ch. 2 in: Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, edited by
Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, p
Family of Works
Equivalent
Derivative
Descriptive
Free
Translation
Review
Microform
Reproduction
Edition
Casebook
Summary
Abstract
Dramatization
Simultaneous
“Publication”
Abridged
Edition
Criticism
Digest
Novelization
Screenplay
Copy
Libretto
Illustrated
Edition
Evaluation
Revision
Change of Genre
Exact
Reproduction
Parody
Translation
Annotated
Edition
Expurgated
Edition
Imitation
This picture shows a continuum of the relationships within a family of works as represented in manifestations <click> moving from left to right following this red arrow On the left <click> are those that are equivalent content, that are from the same expression of the same work. Once we introduce a change to the content, like a translation, <click> we have a new expression of the same work - and as we make further changes to the content we move further to the right, farther away from the original work. These are derivative expressions of the same work. Once that derivation crosses the <click> “magic line” of becoming more of the work of another person or corporate body, we consider it a new work, but it is part of the family of related works, even when the content moves on to be only describing <click> a work in the family at the right end of this continuum. Works in a descriptive relationship can also be said to be in a subject relationships, because the subject of those works is another work – as with a commentary on a work.
The ability to inform the user of these related works ties back to the ** collocating and finding functions of a catalog. We need to show users the pathways to related materials. The FRBR model reminds us of these important relationships that we should reflect in our catalogs and resource discovery systems for our users.
1Based on diagram first published in “Bibliographic Relationships,” Barbara B. Tillett. Ch. 2 in: Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001, p
Same Style or
Thematic Content
Variations or Versions
Facsimile
Arrangement
Commentary
Slight
Modification
Reprint
Adaptation
Original Work-- Same Expression
Same Work –
New Expression
New Work
Cataloging Rules Cut-Off Point

25. FRAD Functional Requirements for Authority Data User tasks:
#AALL12
FRAD
Functional Requirements for Authority Data
User tasks:
Find: Find an entity or set of entities corresponding to stated criteria
Identify: Identify an entity
Clarify (Justify): Document the authority record creator’s reason for choosing the name or form of name on which an access point is based.
Contextualize (Understand): Place a person, corporate body, work, etc. in context
Example: WorldCat Identities:
Dec. 2008, published 2009

26. #AALL12
FRBR/FRAD and RDA
FRBR and FRAD concepts and vocabulary are the structural foundation of RDA
RDA Part I: Recording Attributes
RDA Part 2: Recording Relationships
Meeting the FRBR/FRAD User Tasks is an overarching goal

27. FRBR/FRAD and RDA RDA Table of Contents 0: Introduction
#AALL12
FRBR/FRAD and RDA
RDA Table of Contents
0: Introduction 
Section 1: Recording Attributes of Manifestation & Item
Section 2: Recording Attributes of Work & Expression
Section 3: Recording Attributes of Person, Family, & Corporate Body
Section 4: Recording Attributes of Concept, Object, Event & Place

28. #AALL12
FRBR/FRAD and RDA
Section 5: Recording Primary Relationships Between Work, Expression, Manifestation, & Item
Section 6: Recording Relationships to Persons, Families, & Corporate Bodies 
Section 7: Recording Relationships to Concepts, Objects, Events, & Places
Section 8: Recording Relationships between Works, Expressions, Manifestations, & Item

29. #AALL12
FRBR/FRAD and RDA
Section 9: Recording Relationships between Persons, Families, & Corporate Bodies
Section 10: Recording Relationships between Concepts, Objects, Events, & Places

30. #AALL12
Questions and Answers