1. DON’T discuss your answers to these questions with the people around you
What is something that you bought that you really enjoyed (or regretted)?
What is one example of good advice that you have received?
What is one TV show that you liked as a child?
If you could go anywhere in the world, where would you go?

2. Partner A close your eyes

3. Partner B
You are to LIE about ONE question (you pick which one). Tell the truth for the other three questions.

4. Partner B close your eyes

5. Partner A
You are to LIE about ONE question (you pick which one). Tell the truth for the other three questions.

6. Discuss!
What is something that you bought that you really enjoyed (or regretted)?
What is one example of good advice that you have received?
What is one TV show that you liked as a child?
If you could go anywhere in the world, where would you go?

7. Who thought that their partner might have been lying on one or more question?

8. Smiling: genuine/fake
Lie to me clip
Deception

9. Thinking about the activity
It is estimated that 1 out of 4 conversations contains an element of deception (Buller & Burgoon)
Are people good at detecting lies in this context?
Why/why not?

10. Overview Deception definition Why you can tell when people are lying
Interpersonal deception theory
Four-Factor Model
Detecting deception
Behavior clusters
Environmental considerations
Getting a liar to confess to a lie

11. What is deception? Definition:
Deception occurs when communicators control the information contained in their messages to convey a meaning that departs from the truth as they know it. This rules out mistaken or unintended lies.

12. Leakage
Def. Behavior outside conscious control that may signal dishonesty
Common leakage cues:
Self-adaptors
Increased blinking and enlarged pupils
Speech errors or hesitations
Higher pitch
Discrepancies between verbal & nonverbal channels

13. Deceivers make more strategic moves and leak more nonverbal cues than truth tellers.VS

14. Skilled liars appear more believable because they make more strategic moves and leak fewer nonverbal cues than unskilled liars.

15. Four-Factor Model Why people behave differently when lying?
Four factors:
physiological arousal
felt emotions
attempted control
cognitive effort

16. 1. Physiological arousal: people are more anxious or aroused when lying.
Are people more or less persuasive when
they are anxious?
Less!
Why?
Because of leakage cues
Speech hesitations
Repeating phrases
More fidgeting

17. Why are there “known” things that people do when lying?
Physiological reaction
Heart rate increases, adrenaline, sweating
Greater blood flow causes you to heat up
This leads to sweating
Rashes, itchiness
Blushing, red face

18. BUT would the situation for the lie change the level of anxiety?
Low consequence lie = minor physiological arousal, minor leakage cues
High consequence lie = high physiological arousal, major leakage cues

19. 2. Liars have different affect/emotions than truth-tellers, and thus display more negative emotions.
What emotions do people feel when lying?

20. 3. Liars attempt to control their behavior more than truth-tellers so they don’t get caught lying.
Does my facial expression say “calm”?
Am I smiling too much? Am I making enough eye contact?

21. Sending Capacity Hypothesis: when we try to control behavior, we pay more attention to some behaviors and less to others
Thinking About:
-Facial Expression
-Eye Contact
-Verbal Story
Not Thinking About:
-Arms
-Legs/Feet
-Vocal Pitch

22. 4. Lying requires more cognitive effort than telling the truth.
What are things that you think about when lying to make it believable?
You have to come up with a story on the spot
You have to remember your story
Monitoring the other person’s feedback

23. Lies: More or Less Persuasive
Lies are more difficult to tell when…
They are spontaneous (rather than planned)
The consequences of getting caught are greater
They are longer
The person is emotional

24. Criticism of the Four-Factor Model
The Model assumes that lying requires more cognitive effort and creates anxiety
BUT there may be cases where this isn’t true
Think of “white lies”
Sometimes it may be easier to tell a white lie than to come up with a tactful way to tell the truth

25. Content from Mike Reddington Professional Interrogation Company
Detecting Deception
Content from Mike Reddington
Professional Interrogation Company

26. How do we know when someone is lying? What do people do when lying?

27. No single behavior is always indicative of truth or deception.

28. First, establish behavioral norms by asking questions to which the person will tell the truth.

29. Second, identify behavioral clusters occurring on time to stress.
Stressful Question
Before Stressful Question
Identify behavioral clusters occurring on time to stress
Two or more behaviors that change at the same time
No one behavior is reliable enough
And these behaviors have to happen when they are particularly stressed (on time to stress)

30. You have to evaluate behaviors within the totality of the circumstances.
Need to evaluate their behavior given what content is being discussed
Are people doing the behavior because they are lying to you? Or is it because their ex-girlfriend is standing behind you and they are nervous?

31. Factors that influence behavior shifts
Who is lying
People do different things
Who the person is lying to
Relationship between liar and receiver
Subject of the lie
Perceived consequences of getting caught lying

32. Why can’t we just list nonverbal behaviors that are typical when lying?
Environment
E.g., someone who is cold behaves differently than someone who is hot
Culture
Personal History
E.g., do the person have experience with being in trouble?
Personal Biography
E.g., neck injury

33. Microexpressions

34. There are 6.5 universal emotions
Anger, Happiness, Disgust, Surprise, Sadness, Fear

35. Contempt – added later

38. Micro-Expressions Test Yourself!

39. Smiling Genuine smiling = halo effect
Friendliness
Kindness
Altruism
Godoy et al., 2005
Women report using more fake smiling than men, and use it to mask negative emotions
Woodzicka, 2008

40. Fake vs. Genuine Smiles
I got 17 out of 20 correct

41. Genuine Smile Automatic Response Watch corner of eyes Eyebrow movement
Wrinkles appear
Eyes crease, sometimes become narrower
Eyebrow movement
G: 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 19
F: 2,3,4,7,9,12,13,14,18,20

42. Take-Away Points Definitions of key terms
E.g., deception, leakage, falsification, Sending Capacity Hypothesis
What are common leakage cues?
What are the two propositions of the interpersonal deception theory?
What are the three types of lies according to interpersonal deception theory?
What are the four factors in the Four-Factor Model?

43. Take-Away Points
Vocab: deception, leakage, Sending Capacity Hypothesis
How does leakage relate to deception?
Who has more leakage: truth-tellers vs. liars, skilled liars vs. unskilled liars
What are the components of Four-Factor Model?
How can you detect deception?
What do you need to know about the person?
What do you need to consider when interpreting their behavior?
What are microexpressions?
What are the 6.5 universal emotions?
How can you tell when someone is fake smiling?