1. How did former allies become enemies after WWII?
Origins of the Cold War
How did former allies become enemies after WWII?

2. The youth of America would never forget the sacrifices of wartime
The youth of America would never forget the sacrifices of wartime. rationing food, collecting scrap, buying bonds to fighting in battle, the efforts to defeat the Axis were a product of the collective American will. Americans who came of age in World War II the "greatest generation."

3. Cold War Begins (45 years)
US (democracy/capitalism) vs. Soviet Union (communism)
- no direct military campaigns
involved all parts of world
Soviet Union (allies in war)  distrusted after war: Stalin and communism
most important US foreign policy ever [45 years and 8 presidents]
involvement in Korea, China, Vietnam, Middle East (Israel), E Europe

4. Yalta Conference (1945) 1945: US/USSR/Britain plan for post-war world
agree to int’l peacekeeping body w/ military force: United Nations
UN will have:
1) General Assembly (all vote on world issues)
2) Security Council (15 vote on security issues/use of force)
Stalin insists on permanent Sec Council members w/ a veto power
- “Great Powers” (US, GB, France, China, USSR) permanent seats
League of Nations too weak [no US involvement]
led by Big Three [FDR, Churchill, Stalin]
Gen Assembly: representative body, deliberate on issues, policymaking
Sec Council: 5 permanent [10 non-permanent elected every 2 years] – identify threats, economic sanctions, authorize use of force
Secy General – Antonio Guterres [Portugal]
International Court of Justice

5. UNESCO – United Nations Education, Science, Cultural Organization
WHO – World Health Organization – health initiatives
WTO –World Trade Organization [developing countries, least developed countries]
FAO – Food and Agricultural Org

6. Eastern Europe
1945: Yalta agreement calls “self determination”  free elections to choose own gov’t in countries invaded by Nazi Germany
- Stalin reneges  installs communist “satellite states” in E. Europe

7. Containment Policy
Truman says Stalin violated Yalta, Stalin states “Communism & Capitalism cannot coexist”
Churchill speech:  “an ’Iron Curtain’ dividing Europe”
US diplomat George Kennan writes US must “contain”  spread of Communism—Truman agrees
Truman Doctrine will assist any nation resisting “outside pressure”
Mar 1947: Congress gives $700 million to Greece & Turkey (both “resisting” communist influence)

8. The Marshall Plan
June 1947: Sec’y of State George Marshall proposes US give $16 billion to W. Europe to rebuild from WW II
Only western “non-communist” countries get money
Political Cartoon Question: How will Stalin react to Marshall Plan?
crop fields and infrastructure in ruins
$ for humanitarian aid
European nations doubled industrial production
increased trade  US economic boom
involved nations never experienced threat of communist takeover

10. Berlin Crisis
Germany (incl. Berlin) divided after war “4 zones of occupation “
US gives Marshall Plan money to “Western German zones” (no money to East)
Stalin says US in violation of Potsdam agreement, creates East Germany in Soviet Zone
US, Britain, France will allow their zones to combine into W. Germany

11. Berlin Blockade & Airlift
Soviets/E. Germans block road access to West Berlin, hoping Truman will give up on city
US will airlift supplies into city (can’t give up West Berlin, must contain communism)
“Operation Vittles” 278K flights were made (June 26-May 11)
Stalin threatens military action, but ends blockade in May of 1949
After Berlin Crisis each Superpower forms a “defensive” alliance
- attack on one member is attack on all member
- (NATO for US & Warsaw Pact for Soviets)
Stalin’s gamble: west not willing to risk another war, tired, pop opinion against  abandon support of democracy in Germany
Truman’s thoughts: giving up on Berlin would show failure of containment and W Germany would bail “We are going to stay, period”
NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization  Washington warned against this – isolationism over

12. A miniature city is used instruct how the airlift will work and locations that will be used.

13. US Air traffic controllers directing the airlift

14. Pilots at Rhein-Main flew four round trips per day.

15. The limited load capacity of the C-47 aircraft necessitated that the much larger C-54s be added to the airlift as quickly as possible. A single C-54 was capable of carrying as much cargo as four of its older cousins.

16. Jewish Passover food arriving in Berlin.

17. Fresh milk being loaded on a C-47
Fresh milk being loaded on a C-47. Shipments of whole milk soon were dropped in favor of more weight efficient condensed milk.

18. One of the first planes to bring in supplies
One of the first planes to bring in supplies. Food had to be rationed as well. Two-thirds of a pound per day for employed persons and one-half pound for the unemployed.

19. A C-54 flies over a graveyard and perilously close to some apartments buildings while making its landing approach.

20. Remains of a Navy C-54 after a crash landing on the night of November 15, 1948.

21. Miniature parachutes carrying treats for the kids can be seen dropping from a C-54 as it comes in for a landing.

22. German children playing out their own Berlin Airlift

23. Waiting for supplies.
Notice the kids sitting on rubble from WWII