1. Animal Physiology
Thursday, March 8th

2. Physiology, defined
Physiology = study of fundamental biological tasks (digestion, circulation, structural support, movement, reproduction, etc), and how animals carry them out.

3. Overview For Today Levels of Organization Tissue Types
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Organs & Organ Systems

4. Levels of Organization
The bodies of all living organisms follow a hierarchical organization that can include:
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems

5. Tissue Types Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

6. Epithelial Tissue
Tight sheet that lines the internal and external surfaces of the body (skin, digestive tract, body cavities)
Selective barrier
Can Be:
Simple (single layer)
Stratified (multiple cell layers)
Pseudostratified (single layer that resembles stratified tissue)

7. Epithelial Tissue, Types
Squamous – thin, flat plates; they form the lining of the mouth, blood vessels, heart, and outer layers of the skin
Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates. The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and help to identify the type of epithelium. Squamous cells, for example, tend to have horizontall flattened, elliptical nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell. They form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart and lungs and make up the outer layers of the skin.

10. Epithelial Tissue, Types
Stratified Squamous – for protection, skin & mouth

12. Epithelial Tissue, Types
Cuboidal – cubes! Found in glands, lining of kidney tubules, & duct of glands.
As their name implies, cuboidal cells are roughly square or cuboidal in shape. Each cell has a spherical nucleus in the centre. Cuboidal epithelium is found in glands and in the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands. They also constitute the germinal epithelium which produces the egg cells in the female ovary and the sperm cells in the male testes.

15. Epithelial Tissue, Types
Columnar – columns! Elongated, long. Line the stomach & intestines
Goblet Cells (unicellular glands) occur between the cells of duodenum; secrete mucus / slime to keep the surface smooth
The nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells. Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines. Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose, ears and the taste buds of the tongue. Goblet cells (unicellular glands) are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum. They secrete mucus or slime, a lubricating substance which keeps the surface smooth.

18. Ciliated Columnar

19. Connective Tissue
Supports, stabilizes, and protects the body’s main organs
Ground Substance – proteins produced & secreted by cells, this fluid surrounds all connective tissue
5 Basic Types

20. Connective Tissue DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connects organs
In tendons, around muscles, under skin

21. Connective Tissue LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Supports, insulates, nourishes organs
Between organs and under skin

22. Connective Tissues BLOOD Transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes
In the circulatory system (duh!)

23. Connective Tissue CARTILAGE Absorbs shock & friction
In joints, ears, nose, trachea
Connective Tissue

24. Tissue Types BONE Framework for body; muscle attachment
In the skeletal system! (duh!)

25. Muscle Tissue Facilitates movement through the body by contracting
Three basic Types

26. Muscle Tissue SKELETAL Function: Voluntary movement
Attached to bones in the skeleton

27. Muscle Tissue
SMOOTH
Involuntary movement; assists digestion & circulation
Found in digestive sys, veins, arteries

28. Muscle Tissue
CARDIAC
Involuntary movement, responsible for the heartbeat
In the heart (duh!)

29. Nervous Tissue
Produces and conducts electro-chemical signals between brain & body
4 Main Types

30. Nervous Tissue Types MOTOR NEURONS Send info from brain to muscles
In spinal chord, brain, body

31. Nervous Tissues Types SENSORY NEURONS
Send info from internal & external stimuli to brain
In skin, ears, eyes

32. Nervous Tissue Types Association Neurons (aka Interneurons)
They Integrate & relay info between neurons
In spinal chord, brain

33. Nervous Tissue Types GLIAL CELLS (aka Neroglia)
Structural support, facilitate info transfer along and between neurons
Spinal Chord & Brain

34. Organs & Organ Systems
Organs – composed of multiple tissues, carry out specific function
Organ Systems – group of multiple organs working together

36. Organ Systems Skeletal – structural support, muscle attachment
Made of bones, cartilage, ligaments

37. Organ Systems
Muscular – movement!
Made of Muscles!

38. Organ Systems Integumentary – protects body, regulates body temp
Made of skin, sweat glands, nails, hair

39. Organ Systems
Respiratory – facilitates oxygen intake, carbon dioxide removal
Includes Lungs (or gills), trachea, skin

40. Organ Systems
Circulatory – transports materials such as nutrients, waste products, carbon dioxide, oxygen
Includes heart, blood vessels, blood

41. Organ Systems Digestive – breaks down food to get nutrients
Includes mouth, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas

42. Organ Systems Urinary – removes waste from blood
Includes kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra

43. Organ Systems Immune – defense against pathogens
Includes white blood cells, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus

44. Organ Systems Endocrine – controls & regulates bodily functions
Includes glands

45. Organ Systems
Reproductive – replicates genetic material, passed on to offspring
Includes testes, ovaries, penis, uterus, vagina

46. Organ Systems
Nervous – detects internal and external stimuli, aids in coordinating response
Includes nerves, brain, spinal chord, sensory organs

47. Homeostasis
To stay alive, animals need to maintain steady internal conditions
Organ systems work together through homeostasis to do this
Common regulation tool = negative feedback loop - the end product regulates the initial steps in the process

50. Negative Feedback Loop
Blood Calcium Levels
Low levels causes body to pull Ca from bones
When levels are good again, this stops

51. Positive Feedback Loop
Things keep building and building until a proper level is reached, then it’s shut off
Ex: Childbirth & contractions