1. Module 2 Navigation, HMS Challenger and Rocky Shores Mrs. Strohfeldt
Marine Science
Module 2
Navigation, HMS Challenger and Rocky Shores
Mrs. Strohfeldt

2. What should I have completed?
All of Module 1
Still need to enter a few Elluminate/Independent student assignment grades (10pts. Per week)
Look at your grade!

3. What should I be working on?
Module 2 Article Discussion
2.01 Navigation Worksheet was due (past due)
2.02 HMS Challenger Journal due 9/30 (due today)
2.03 Exploring the Rocky shores due 10/2-Fri.
2.05 Crabby Crustaceans Lab next week
Need a crustacean
Shrimp, lobster or crab
Dead or alive!

4. Module 2: The Journey Really Begins
4 weeks long
Now-middle of October

5. 2.01 Navigation

6. 2.01 Navigation Latitude Longitude
Measures how far north or south you are from the Equator
Lines run east-west
0-90N (+) and 0-90S(-)
Longitude
Measures how far east or west you are from the Prime Meridian
Lines run north-south
0-180E(+) and 0-180W (-)

7. 2.01 Navigation Distance between two places:
Latitude and Longitude Finder
Use these site links to help you complete the Assignment questions.

8. 2.01 Navigational Tools
Cross-staff…measured the altitude of the sun/star above the horizon
difficult to read since the person needed to take mearsurement while looking into sun.
Quadrant…used to determine latitude using the altitude of the sun
Astrolab …similar to quadrant but more accurate
Chronometer…helped determine longitude
Compass…allowed navigators to not rely on stars

9. 2.02-2.03 HMS Challenger Journal of a Scientist

10. HMS Challenger
First expedition funded for the SPECIFIC purpose of examining the deep sea floor and answering widespread questions about the ocean environment.
It was thought that the ocean was a “dead zone” below 1800 feet
They also wanted to further prove the findings of Darwin (on the HMS Beagle)
The expedition was led by British naturalist John Murray and Scottish naturalist Charles Wyville Thompson
Sailed from Portsmouth, England on December 21, 1872

11. The Royal Society
The scientific objectives as determined by the Royal Society were:
To investigate the physical conditions of the deep sea in the great ocean basins (as far as the neighborhood of the Great Southern Ice Barrier) in regard to depth, temperature, circulation, specific gravity and penetration of light.
To determine the chemical composition of seawater at various depths from the surface to the bottom, the organic matter in solution and the particles in suspension.
To ascertain the physical and chemical character of deep-sea deposits and the sources of these deposits.
To investigate the distribution of organic life at different depths and on the deep seafloor

12. Their Journey HMS Challenger set sail from December 1872-May 1876
Entered, observed, and studied ALL oceans except the Arctic
Observations made and samples taken included:
water depth temperature at various depths weather conditions water conditions at surface and sometimes at depth seafloor samples water samples samples of plant and animal life at various depths

13. Devices Used for Measurements
Sounding- measured depths by lowering a weighted line to the bottom
Dredge- Metal nets shaped into bags that took samples from the seafloor
Trawls- Metal nets used to catch larger animals at a variety of depths
Many nets of different sizes and shapes

14. Miller-Casella thermometer- used for temperature readings
Miller-Casella thermometer- used for temperature readings. U-shaped tube held mercury and 2 floating markers that recorded the highest and lowest water temperatures
Negretti and Zambra thermometer- reversing thermometer. More accurately measured temperature at greater depths
Log- simple float used to measure surface current
Current/weighted drag- measured currents below the surface

15. Why was this Journey Important?
Discovered THOUSANDS of new species of marine life at depths once thought to not sustain life
Discovered Mariana’s Trench (one of the deepest parts of the ocean)
Discovered the first basic outline of the shape of the ocean basic, including the Mid Atlantic Ridge

16. 2.02-2.03 HMS Challenger Journal of a Scientist

17. 2.02-2.03 HMS Challenger Journal of a Scientist

18. 2.02 HMS Challenger Journal of a Scientist
3 days of a ship’s log journal
Each day:
where the ship is
what date you were there
weather conditions
Day 1: Tools that Scientists Use
Day 2: Activities and Meals on the Ship
Day 3: Illness
Grading rubric and works cited!

19. Ocean Exploration
GoalGoal is to creat a timeline of ocean exploration and discovery since 1876, when the HMS Challenger expedition ended.
Year
Name of the expedition
Who conducted the expedition (country or scientist)
What did they discover/learn on the expedition
New technology used on the expedition (if any)
A minimum of 10 expeditions required for credit

20. 2.03
In class time to work with a partner
Submit your own work

21. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores
Site where you can enter lat and longitude to find a location:
Zoom out to see location on map of world

22. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores
Rocky shores form as a result of marine erosion by rising sea level and wave action.
Resistant bedrock erodes slowly and produces steep gradients.
granite, slate and quartzite

23. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores
Seashore life occurs in zones
Tolerance for exposure to light and air determines the zone organisms live in.
1. Splash zone
Above the level of the highest tides is the, strongly affected by salt spray.
2. Upper shore
not covered by every high tide
few species can tolerate the dry conditions
3. Middle shore
covered and uncovered by every tide.
Most seashore animals and plants live here
4. Lower shore
is only exposed during the low tides of spring tides
and this is where many delicate species may be found
those that cannot withstand exposure

24. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores
Splash zone
Upper shore
Middle shore
Lower shore

25. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores
Splash zone
Bare of plants
May contain lichens-can tolerate salt here!
May have a few limpets, periwinkles

26. Limpets Mollusca Cling to rocks
Can tolerate a wide range of habitats and conditions of exposure and dampness
Eat algae off of rocks
Muscular foot for anchoring

27. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores
Upper shore
Algae and lichens
Few more animals-limpets, periwinkles, barnacles

28. Periwinkles Mollusca Eaten for food Not native, brought here in 1800’s
Eats mainly algae

29. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores
Middle shore
Brown rockweeds, red and green seaweeds
Large zone of barnacles
Periwinkles
Hydroids
Blue mussels

30. Red and Green Seaweed

31. Hydroids
Cnidarians
Carnivores

32. Barnacles Crustaceans Cement themselves to rocks
Feed on particles in water

33. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores
Lower shore
Irish moss, Calcareous Algae and some Kelp
Greatest diversity of animals
Common Periwinkles, Limpets, Green Sea Urchins, isopods and amphipods. sponges, hydroids, tube worms, Horse Mussels, brittle starfish and tunicates. Sea Anemones, Scale Worms, Purple Starfish, Rock Crabs and Sea Slugs.

34. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores

35. 2.04 Exploring the Rocky Shores

36. 2.04 Rocky Shores Assignment
Use your resources!!! Lets look at what you need to do!!