1. Cardiovascular System

2. Functions of the Cardiovascular System
Transport nutrients and O2 to body
Transport waste
Distribute hormones & antibodies
Help control body temp
Help maintain homeostasis

3. Heart Structures Heart: hollow muscular organ 4 chambers
In thoracic cavity between lungs
Tilted slightly to left
Contains own blood supply

4. Heart Structures Atria Two upper chambers of the heart
R atrium receives low oxygenated blood from body
L atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs

5. Heart Structures Ventricles Lower chambers of heart Pumping chambers
Pump under high pressure

6. Heart Structures Myocardial Septum
Separating wall or partition of heart chambers in right and left halves

7. Heart Valves Atrioventricular Tricuspid valve Mitral or bicuspid valve
between right atrium and right ventricle
Mitral or bicuspid valve
between left atrium and left ventricle

8. Heart Valves Semilunar Pulmonary valve Aortic valve
Between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic valve
Between left ventricle and aorta

9. Heart Structures Pericardium Double membrane covering heart
Outer fibrous layer
Inner watery layer-epicardium
Provides protection

10. Heart Structures Myocardium Endocardium Muscular Pumps blood
Smooth inner layer
Prevents damage to blood cells

11. Path of Blood Through Heart
Low O2 blood from body to superior & inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary arteries
Lungs
O2 blood from lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Body

12. How the Heart Contracts
Sinoatrial nodes (SA node)
Natural pacemaker
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
Bundle of His
Perkinje fibers
Surround ventricles
Causes contractions
Normal heart rate: beats per minute (bpm)

13. Main Blood Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

14. Circulation Arteries Carry blood AWAY from the heart
Largest artery: Aorta
Carry O2 blood except pulmonary arteries
Muscular layers withstand high pressure
Divide into smaller branches called arterioles which connect to capillaries

15. Circulation Capillaries Connect arterioles and venules
Smallest vessels-one cell thick
Allows exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products

16. Circulation Veins Carry blood to heart
Largest: superior & inferior vena cava
Carry low oxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins
Branch into smaller venules
Have one way valves to prevent back flow of blood

17. Types of Circulation
Pulmonary: Right side of heart pumps O2 poor blood to lungs where CO2 exchanged for O2
Systemic: Left side of heart pumps O2 rich blood to body
Hepatic: blood from intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, spleen through liver to remove toxins from blood

18. Assessment Techniques

19. Pulse
The pressure of the blood pushing against the wall of an artery as the heart beats and rests
More easily felt in arteries that lie close to skin and pressed against bone

20. Pulse Points Temporal-temple Carotid-neck-emergencies
Apical-apex of heart
Brachial-inner aspect of elbow-B/P
Radial-wrist-most common site for pulse
Femoral-groin
Popliteal- behind knee
Pedal-top of foot

21. Pulse Rates Noted as number beats per minute
Varies due to age, sex, body size
Adult:
Men:
Women:
Children
>7:
1-7:
Infants:
Newborn:

22. Factors Affecting Pulse Rate
Increased rates:
Exercise/excitement
Stimulant drugs
Shock
Nervous tension
Decreased rates:
Sleep
Depressant drugs
Heart disease
Coma

23. Blood Pressure Force of blood against walls of arteries
Systolic pressure:
When heart contracts
Normal range:
Diastolic pressure:
When heart relaxed
Normal range: <100
Written as fraction:
Systolic over diastolic
Normal: <120/80 mmHg

24. Individual Factors Influencing B/P
Increase:
Excitement, anxiety, nervous tension
Stimulant drugs
Exercise and eating
Decrease:
Rest or sleep
Depressant drugs
Excessive blood loss or fluid loss

25. Disorders of CV System

26. Aneurysm Aneurysm enlargement of the wall of an artery
Most likely to occur in large blood vessels

27. Atherosclerosis Accumulation of fat in vessels causing narrowing
Mainly coronary arteries
Leads to hardening and thickening of arterial walls: arteriosclerosis
Leads to hypertension

28. Hypertension AKA: high blood pressure; the silent killer Causes:
Unknown
Hereditary
CAD
Symptoms:
None
Headaches
Dizziness
Shortness of breath

29. Cardiovascular Disease
AKA: Coronary Artery Disease
Combined effects of arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension

30. Myocardial Infarction
AKA: heart attack
Causes:
Obstruction of blood vessels results in tissue death
Symptoms:
Persistent chest pain
Nausea
Dizziness
Profuse sweating
Will lead to cardiac arrest if not treated

31. Phlebitis Inflammation of the veins May form a clot (thrombus) Cause:
Damage to vessel wall due to prolonged sitting or standing

32. Varicose Veins Veins become enlarged & ineffective Causes:
Prolonged standing
Pregnancy
Obesity
Malformed valves

33. Blood and
Blood cells

34. Blood and Blood cells
Average adult has 5-6 quarts of blood which circulates every 20 seconds
Composition
78% water
22% Various solids

35. Blood and Blood cells Plasma Fluid portion of blood
Contains special proteins that help blood to clot
Contains carbohydrates, proteins gases, hormones, enzymes, minerals, and waste products

36. Types of blood cells

37. Erythrocytes Largest part of blood solids Live 120 days
Produced by bone marrow of femur, hip, sternum, humerus, vertebra, cranium

38. Erythrocytes
Main function
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

39. Hemoglobin
Complex protein within each cell to which oxygen attaches

40. Thrombocytes
Platelets
Causes blood to clot

41. Leukocytes Produced in bone marrow and lymph nodes Main function
Fight infection

42. Leukocytes Two types Granulocytes
Act as scavengers and destroy pathogens

43. Leukocytes
Agranulocytes
Basis of immune system

44. Pathology of the
Circulatory System

45. Pathology : Circulatory System
Thrombus
Clot
Blood clot attaches to interior wall of vein or artery
Embolus
A moving clot

46. Pathology : Circulatory System
Leukemia
Malignancy characterized by a progressive increase of abnormal leukocytes
Anemia
Disorder characterized by lower than normal levels of red blood cells in the blood

47. Pathology : Circulatory System
Polycythemia
Abnormal increase in number of red cells
Makes blood thicker & slower flowing
Septicemia
AKA: blood poisoning
Pathogens in blood

48. Pathology : Circulatory System
Sickle cell anemia
Genetic condition
Malformed red cells “sickle”
No cure

49. Pathology : Circulatory System
Thrombocytopenia
Decreased platelets
Due to:
Drugs
Radiation
chemo

50. Pathology : Circulatory System
Hemophilia
Congenital condition in which blood does not clot normally
Results in excessive bleeding

51. Hemophilia

52. The End

53. Blood Typing Antigen-protein on red blood cells
Antibody-immunity found in plasma against certain antigens
Agglutination=clumping=(+)
Rh-another antigen on RBC

54. Blood Typing Blood Type Antigens Antibodies O None Anti-A & anti-B AAB
A and B