1. Chapter 14 pt. 1: Stress and Health

2. Bellringer Fill out the survey and find out if your stressed.
On the back write out the things that stress you out the most. Then think about ways you can cope with your stress or lessen it.

3. Agenda (Note: Beginning of Unit 12, another short one)
1. Bell Ringer: What causes stress? (5)
2. Notes: Stress and Health Pt. 1(20)
3. Bullying article and discussion (10)
4. Stress activity (20)
5. Video Clip: Getting into college discussion (15)

4. Studying the Effects of Stress on Health
Behavioral Medicine: field that combines knowledge of biomedical perspective and behavioral perspective to study and treat health and illness. Term is often used interchangeably with Psychiatry.
Health Psychology: subfield of psychology that is used to contribute to behavioral medicine. Looks at psychological causes of illness and stress (cognitive, environment, social, biological, etc.)

5. Killers of Yesterday and Today
Percentage
U.S.deaths 30 20 10
Tuber-
culosis
Pneu-
monia
Diarrhea/
enteritis
Heart
disease
1900
Cancer
Strokes
Chronic
lung disease
1991

6. What is Stress?
Stress is the process by which we respond to events, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
Stressors: are the events/things that stress us out!

7. Stress Is Not Caused By An Event Itself!
Cognition affects how we react and appraise an external event which affects how we respond.
Stressors
Catastrophes
Life changes
Hassles
Intervening
factors
Appraisal
Perceived control
Personality
Social support
Coping behaviors
Stress
reactions
Physiological
Emotional
Behavioral

8. Stress Can Be Harmful or Helpful Depending on Your Appraisal
Stressful event
(tough math test)
Threat
(“Yikes! This is
beyond me!”)
Challenge
(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal
Response

9. Yerkes-Dodson Principle of Arousal (Remember?)
Yerkes-Dodson Principle of Arousal: general tasks are performed best with a medium amount of stress/arousal.

10. Biology of Stress? What is Activated When You Feel Stress?
Stress-Response Cycle Includes:
1. Sympathetic and parasympathetic cycles are activated
2. Withdraw. Pull Back. Conserve Energy.
3. Women- “Tend and Befriend”

11. Secondary Response Cycle

12. Animals and Humans Tend to React To Stress In the Same Pattern.
Hans Selye discovered the responsive cycle for how we react to stress which he named the:
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Phase 1: Alarm: activation of sympathetic nervous system. (“Fight or Flight”)
Phase 2: Resistance: arousal remains high as you attempt to cope with the stressor.
Phase 3: Exhaustion: body becomes run down with constant stress which can leave you more vulnerable to illness or even death.

13. Diagram of GAS Stress resistance Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope with
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
The body’s resistance to stress can only
Last so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressor
occurs

14. Stressful Life Events Can Create Serious Health Risks
Categories of Stressful Life Events:
1. Catastrophes: unavoidable natural disasters, etc.
2. Significant Life Changes: loss of loved one, leaving home, loss of job, etc.
3. Everyday Hassles:
traffic, long lines at Best Buy, etc.

15. Perceived Control Effects Health and Stress
Stressful events are especially harmful if they are perceived as negative and uncontrollable.
Those who feel stressful events are beyond their control are also more susceptible to illness and disease.

16. The Rat With No Control Over the Shocks Develops Ulcers
No connection
to shock source
To shock control
To shock source
“Executive” rat
“Subordinate” rat
Control rat

17. Other Influences on Health and Stress
Poverty: poorer people are more at risk for a premature death.
Inequality: areas where there is a large discrepancy/gap between rich and poor have lower life expectancies than areas where differences are less extreme.

18. Other Influences on Health and Stress
Optimism-Pessimism: Those with more positive outlooks tend to cope with stressful events better and have better health than those who dwell on the negative.
Outlooks often tied to feelings of control.

19. Persistent Day to Day Stress May Lead to Burnout
Burnout: physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion brought on by persistent job-related stress.
Often common in teachers, nurses, and police officers.

20. Stress and Heart Disease
Although relatively rare in 1900, by the 1950s coronary heart disease has become the leading cause of death in America.
Coronary Heart Disease: when vessels of heart are clogged which stops heart muscles from being nourished.
Many behavioral factors help contribute to this disease but stress is also a major factor.

21. Hopelessness and Heart Disease
scores
3.5 3
2.5 2
1.5 1
0.5
Heart attack
Death
Low risk
Moderate risk
High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessness
are at greater risk for heart attacks
and early death

22. Personality Type and Heart Disease
Type A Personality: competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger prone people.
Type B Personality: easy-going and relaxed people.
Who’s at greater risk for heart disease?

23. Stress Related Illnesses
Psychophysiological Illnesses: “mind-body” illnesses. Physical illnesses caused by stress.
Ex: Hypertension and some headaches.
Blood pressure also increased by too much stress.
Are also referred to as Psychosomatic disorders.

24. Somatoform Disorders (Not In Book)
Somatoform Disorder: illnesses where you have some physical symptoms without an apparent physical cause. Illnesses are said to be psychological in nature.
Theories about causes of somatoform disorders are often rooted in psychoanalytic theory.
Illnesses are often referred to as “Hysteria.”

25. Examples of Somatoform Disorders
Conversion: when a person converts intense emotional difficulties into the loss of a specific physiological function.
Ex: blindness or paralysis without a physical cause.
Symptoms often have sudden onsets, terminations, and reappearances.
Behavior is unintentional and outside of the conscious control of the patient.

26. Cortisol
The Stress Hormone: secreted at higher levels during “fight or flight.”
Increases in times of stress give your body the energy to survive.
Too much over time and it can have a negative impact on your health.

27. Bullying Questions
How does Bullying lead to averse health effects later in life?
Scenario: Timmy was bullied relentlessly as a child. He faced issues throughout school, and constant stress from individuals led to his early death at 21. Should the “bullies” be held responsible for his death?

28. Explain the Stressor
Looking at the following video clips, use the General Adaptation syndrome to identify the stressful situation:
What is the alarm?
What is the Resistance?
What is the exhaustion?

30. Agenda Day 2
1. Personality Survey (10) 2. Notes: Stress Pt. 2 (20) 3. Stress Scenarios and Solutions (15) 4. Stress and Health Project? (10) 5. Cops and Prisoners Analysis(20)

31. Examples of Somatoform Disorders
Hypochondriasis: is when a healthy person becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments. Person is genuinely convinced they are ill.
Often associated with OCD and anxiety disorders

32. Examples of Somatoform Disorders
Factitious Disorder: an illness whose symptoms are either self-induced or falsified by the patient.
Sometimes patients lie about disorder to get attention or sympathy; others are often interested in receiving drugs or other benefits associated with the feigned illness.
Factitious Ulcer

33. The Immune System and Stress
Lymphocytes: Main defender against disease in immune system made up of two types of white blood cells.
B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign substances

34. Fighting Disease with Immune System
Macrophage: other agent of immune system which identifies, pursues, and ingests harmful invaders.

35. Problems with Immune System
Immune System can either react too strongly or under react to harmful bodies.
Over-reaction causes body to attack its own tissues. Ex: arthritis, allergies, lupus, M.S.
Under-reaction causes harmful bodies to spread. Ex: cancer
Stress can divert energy away from the immune system making illnesses more likely.

36. Conditioning the Immune System
Experiments have been conducted illustrating power to condition the immune system to respond in certain ways.
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(immune
suppression) CS
(sweetened
water) CR

37. Promoting Health- Coping with Stress
Aerobic Exercise has positive psychological and physical benefits.
Increases heart and lung fitness and may also help alleviate depression and anxiety.
Depression
score 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
Before treatment
evaluation
After treatment
No-treatment
group
Aerobic
exercise
Relaxation
treatment

38. Using Biofeedback to Improve Health
Biofeedback: system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state like blood pressure and muscle tension.

39. Promoting Health
A strong social network which offers support strongly promotes health during an illness and when healthy.
% with high support

40. Promoting Health
Spirituality and Faith Communities has a strong correlation with positive health and enhancing medical treatment.
Possible reasons behind correlation with religion?

41. Overview of Healthy and Unhealthy Tendencies
Life events
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easy going
Nondepressed
Optimistic
Hostile
Depressed
Pessimistic
Personality habits
Nonsmoking
Regular exercise
Good nutrition
Smoking
Sedentary
Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring
Lacking

42. Cops and Stress Given the three clips, identify the following:
General Adaptation Syndrome
1. Alarm
2. Resistance
3. Exhaustion
Level of Stress
Catastrophic
Life-Changing
Hassle

43. Stress, Health, and the Community
Stress, Health and School
Significant Content and Important Competencies
Authentic Challenging Problems in the World
Public Product for the World
Connected with the World