1. KINGDOM MONERA Chpt. 18
“Bacteria”

2. Kingdom Monera Commonly called bacteria All monerans are unicellular
All monerans are prokaryotes
Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms surrounded by a membrane and cell wall that LACK membrane bound organelles

3. Prokaryote Cell

4. Characteristics of Monera
Monera can be divided into two main groups:
1) Archaebacteria
- “ancient” bacteria
- live in extremely harsh conditions
2) Eubacteria
- “true” bacteria

5. Archaebacteria (ancient)
Can be divided into 4 groups:
1. Methanogens “methane producers”
2. Thermoacidophiles “heat and acid lovers”
3. Chemosynthesizers “make own chemicals”
4. Extreme Halophiles “salt lovers”

6. Methanogens Produce methane Live where there is no oxygen
Found in intestines of many mammals
Found in swamps – causes the “rotten egg” smell

7. Thermoacidophiles Live in extremely hot and acidic waters
Often found in hot springs
Ex. Yellowstone National Park

8. Chemosynthesizers
Use inorganic compounds as source of energy (instead of sun)
Inorganic = compounds containing sulfur, iron, nitrogen (not carbon!)
Process called oxidation
Use energy to change carbon dioxide into organic food molecules
Live in harsh environments (e.g. hot sulfur vents on ocean floor)

9. Extreme Halophiles “salt loving” Live in water up
to ten times saltier than
sea water
Found in places like
the Dead Sea

10. ARCHAEBACTERIA Methanogens Thermoacidophiles Chemosynthesizers
Live in oxygen free environments, produce methane (CH4).
Thermoacidophiles
Live in water than is very hot and acidic (pH 2 to 4), line the edges of hot springs
Chemosynthesizers
Make carbohydrates using inorganic compounds as energy source, live in hot sulfur vents on ocean floor
Extreme Halophiles
Live in extremely salty places, grow in water up to ten times saltier than the ocean

11. Eubacteria Divided into three groups: 1. Gram-positive Bacteria
2. Gram-negative Bacteria
3. Cyanobacteria

12. Gram-positive Have thick cells walls.
Turn purple when put through a special series of stains called “gram-staining.”
Includes a wide variety of bacteria such as those causing strep throat and tetanus (lockjaw).

13. Gram-negative Have an extra layer of fat outside cell wall.
Appear pink after gram-staining.
Includes bacteria such as E.coli and the bacteria that causes whooping cough.

14. Gram-positive vs. negative

15. Cyanobacteria Perform plant-like photosynthesis. Release oxygen.
Used to be called “blue-green” algae (still commonly
called that!).
Toxic to animals.

16. EUBACTERIA Gram-positive Bacteria Gram-negative Bacteria Cyanobacteria
Have thick walls made of protein-sugar complex, turn purple when stained
Gram-negative Bacteria
Have extra layer of lipid outside cell wall and turn pink after staining
Cyanobacteria
Gram-negative monerans that perform photosynthesis (like plants) and release oxygen

17. Classifying Bacteria 3 main shapes: 1. Bacilli (rod-shaped) 2. Cocci
(sphere-shaped)
3. Spirilla
(corkscrew-shaped)

18. Why learn about Bacteria?
Some cause serious diseases:
Pneumonia, tuberculosis, lyme disease, bubonic plague, food-borne illnesses
Most are beneficial
Intestinal bacteria (digest food and make vitamins)
Break down dead organisms (decomposers)
Industry: make cheese, yogurt, antibiotics

19. KINGDOM MONERA * ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA * * * * * * * * *
Gram-positive: *
Methanogens: *
Gram-negative: *
Thermoacidophiles: *
Cyanobacteria: *
Chemosynthesizers: *
Extreme Halophiles: *