1. Kingdom Monera BACTERIA & BLUE-GREEN ALGAE

2. click: general characteristics
click: ARCHAEOBACTERIA

3. Kingdom Monera: The Prokaryotes
BACTERIA
- single-celled prokaryotes
among the simplest forms of living things
w/ few organelles or specialized cell structures
believed to be the most abundant organism on earth

4. Bacterial Structure:
FLAGELLUM- long and slender appendage; for locomotion
CELL WALL- provides rigidity, protection and identification
CAPSULE/ SLIME LAYER- contributes in protection and virulence

5. Bacterial Structure:
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE- controls what enters and exits the cell
NUCLEAR REGION- carries genetic information
RIBOSOMES- involved in protein synthesis

6. Bacterial Structure:
PILI/ FIMBRIAE- shorter appendages which confer adhesive properties
MESOSOMES- large infoldings of cell membrane; increase surface area
ENDOSPORES- highly resistant body formed during extreme conditions

8. Bacterial Shapes
Bacillus – rod-shaped
Coccus – sphere-shaped
Spirillum – spiral-shaped

10. Staphylococcus sp.

11. Bacillus sp.

12. Spirochetes

13. Bacterial Reproduction:
a. Binary Fission
asexual reproduction in which
a bacterium replicates its chromosomes and divide into two
b. Budding
asexual reproduction in which an
outgrowth develops into another individual

14. Bacterial Reproduction:
c. Spore formation/ sporulation
formation of endospores which
are resistant to unfavorable
conditions
d. Conjugation
A bacterium transfers some DNA to another bacterium, thus changing the genes of the latter

15. Examples
Pathogenic bacteria
Streptococcus pyrogene – sore throat
Clostridium botulinum – paralysis due to food poisoning
Treponema pallidum – syphyllis

16. Beneficial bacteria
Escherichia coli – colon bacterium
Rhizobium sp.- nitrogen-fixing bacterium

17. Nutrition:
A. Autotrophic – make their own food from inorganic substances
Photosynthetic – contains chlorophyll
Chemosynthetic – make their own food by using energy from chemical reactions involving sulfur, iron, and nitrogen

18. Nutrition:
B. Heterotrophic – obtain organic matter from their environment for food
Saprophytic – feed on dead organic matter
Parasitic – feed on other living things

19. Conditions for Bacterial Growth
Nutritional requirement
Temperature
Moisture
Exposure to sunlight
Chemicals

20. Significance of Bacteria
Food industry
Medicine
Leather tanning
Agriculture
Decomposition of living things
Some can cause diseases

21. Some Bacterial Diseases
Rheumatic fever
Gonorrhea
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Diphtheria
Thypoid fever
Bubonic plague
Tetanus
Tuberculosis
Anthrax
Food poisoning
Leprosy
Diarrhea
Conjunctivitis
Sore throat
Tonsillitis
Gas gangrene
Whooping cough

22. SPIROCHAETES
- spiral-shaped, w/o a rigid cell wall and move by rotating, corkscrew motion causes syphilis, yaws, pinta, infectious jaundice

23. MYCOPLASMAS/ PPLO
- smallest known organisms that are capable of growth & reproduction outside of living host cells causes primary atypical pneumonia in humans

24. RICKETTSIAE
- obligate intracellular parasites cause typhus fever, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Trench fever Tsutsugamushi fever

25. THE ARCHAEOBACTERIA

26. Comparison of Viruses and Bacteria
nucleus present No
metabolism
Yes
response to stimuli
multiply
evolve

27. CYANOBACTERIA

28. BLUE-GREEN ALGAE
prokaryotic
unicellular: colonial or filamentous
w/ chlorophyll, phycocyanin or phycoeryhtrin
found in fresh or marine waters & damp soil
food for fish; may cause pollution; fertilize soil

29. The cyanobacteria are autotrophs and obtain nutrition through photosynthesis.  They possess chlorophyll a and other pigments but lack plastids. (Remember, they are prokaryotic).  These organisms are sometimes responsible for algal blooms in polluted lakes.

30.                                                 
Figure 3. Blue-green algae washed ashore on a small pond, 1994.

31. Lyngbya colonies (blue-green algae)
                                                                          
Lyngbya colonies (blue-green algae)

32.                                                                                                 
Large Algal Bloom

33. Algal Bloom Close-up                                                                                                                

34. Water Sample                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

35. Aphanizomenon
                                                                                                                                                                                    

37. More on Cyanobacteria

38. THE MICROBE ZOO