1. Joseph Kinyanjui Muiruri
THE MAGNITUDE OF UNCLAIMED END OF LIFE VEHICLES AND ENVIRONMETAL IMPLICATIONS IN POLICE STATIONS’ YARDS: A Case study of Nairobi, Kenya
Joseph Kinyanjui Muiruri
Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI)

2. INTRODUCTION
The number of vehicles in operation worldwide surpassed the 1 billion-unit mark in 2010 for the first time ever.
The figures reflect the approximate number of cars, light-, medium- and heavy-duty trucks and buses registered worldwide.
In 2012, over 60 million (165,000 cars/day) cars passenger cars were produced in a single year (IOMVM,2013).

3. Introduction Cont..
In Kenya, there are approximately 1.3 million registered vehicles with road transport accounting for 93% of passenger and freight mobility (MOT,2012).
Vehicles (Old or New) often come to end of their useful lives either naturally or after heavy damage in accidents.
Although vehicles are essential, disposal of end of life vehicles (ELVs) is a rapidly growing waste management problem.

4. Waste management: Unclaimed End of Life Vehicles
Problem:
The magnitude of unclaimed end of life vehicles.
Environmental implications
What can be done?

5. The Problem
Stockpiles of unclaimed end of life vehicles are a common sight in police stations yards in Kenya.
The magnitude and environmental implications of this rapidly growing waste management problem has not been explored in Kenya.

6. Goal
This study aims to improve the state of environment in police stations’ yards by giving a solid background on better management of end of life vehicles and associated waste.

7. Objectives
To investigate the nature and extent of the pile up of unclaimed end of life vehicles in police stations yards.
To identify the potential environmental impacts of unclaimed end of life vehicles.

8. Hypotheses of the Study
There is no significant difference in the build up of unclaimed end of life vehicles among the police stations by vehicle type.
The build up of unclaimed end of life vehicles is independent of the location of the police station.
There is no significant relationship between premature (accident) end of life vehicles and natural end of life vehicles in police stations’ yards.

9. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Nature of research
Descriptive as well as exploratory method. The study was based on both secondary data through literature review and primary data from field survey.
Target Population
All police stations and traffic police officers (respondents) within Nairobi area.
Relevant stakeholders in the field of urban transport and law/policy enforcement.

10. Sampling
24 out of 34 police stations were selected through simple random sampling technique from a sampling frame obtained in Kenya police website.
118 out of 293 respondents (traffic police officers) were recruited through stratified random sampling technique.
21 individuals from seven stakeholder groups were interviewed. Purposive and snowballing techniques were used to select stakeholders and individuals, respectively

11. Instruments Data Analysis
A standardized questionnaire was the main instrument in collecting data.
A semi structured interview schedule was also used to obtain stakeholders’ views/opinions.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics i.e. Frequencies,
means, percentages

12. Inferential statistics
- Chi-square statistic on overall distribution of unclaimed end of life vehicles data.
- Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient on distribution of premature (accident) and natural end of life vehicles data.
- Kruskal Wallis H-test on types of end of life vehicle data.
Case and cross-case analysis
-To obtain themes from stakeholders views/opinions.

13. KEY FINDINGS/RESULTS Nature and Extent of unclaimed end of life
vehicles problem
From 24 police stations surveyed, a total of 214 end of life vehicles were unclaimed.
Passenger cars were predominant, followed by Matatus and the least common being Heavy commercial trucks and tractors.
A pie chart shows the percentage distribution of unclaimed end of life vehicles by vehicle type.

14. Figure 4.1: Distribution of unclaimed end of life vehicles in the yards by vehicle type
Source: Researcher, 2012

15. From the data it was imperative to test the hypotheses;
H0 – There is no significant difference in the buildup of unclaimed end of life vehicles in police stations’ yards by vehicle type.
H1 – There is significant difference in the buildup of unclaimed end of life vehicles in police stations’ yards by vehicle type.
I employed Kruskal Walls H-test to test the hypotheses. There was significant difference in the buildup of unclaimed end of life vehicles in police stations’ yards by vehicle type (H=62.8, χ2 critical = 9.49, p=0.05)

16. The higher the volume of certain vehicle
types on our roads the greater the chances
of these vehicles being involved in traffic offences.
- The results agree with Kingori (2007) who found that cars commanded 36% of Nairobi vehicle counts, Matatus 27%, pickups 23% and 3% were buses.
- Gachuki (2004) stated that passenger cars caused 25% of all accidents in Kenya followed by matatus at 19%. .

17. Photo 1.1
A typical stockpile of unclaimed end of life vehicles in a police station yard
Source: Researcher, 2012

18. Out of the 214 unclaimed end of life vehicles,
86% were accident vehicles (premature category) while 14% were due to other causes (natural category).
Examples of end of life vehicles by category
Photo 1.2 Natural ELV Photo 1.3 Premature ELV
Source: Researcher, 2012

19. I sought to establish if there was any relationship between premature (accident) and natural end of life vehicles among the police stations.
I employed Spearman’s Rho Coefficient of correlation to test the hypotheses;
H0 – There is no significant relationship between premature and natural end of life vehicles.
H1 – There is significant relationship between premature and natural end of life vehicles.

20. I found there was a relationship but not significant at p=0. 05 (r =0
I found there was a relationship but not significant at p=0.05 (r =0.389). A scatter plot below shows the relationship.

21. Accidents are not pre-planned whereas on-road random inspection are pre-planned.
The location of the police station did seem important in determining the number of unclaimed end of life vehicles.
From the data on overall distribution of unclaimed end of life vehicles. I tested the hypotheses;
H0- The buildup of unclaimed end of life vehicles is not dependent on the location of the police station.

22. H1-The buildup of unclaimed end of
life vehicles is dependent on the location
of the police station.
I employed Chi-square statistical test, to test the hypotheses. I found out that the build up was dependent on the location of the police station
(X2 calculated = 48.42, X2 critical = 35.17, p = 0.05).
All police stations located along highways / major roads deal with more traffic cases due to high traffic volume on highways/major roads

23. Potential environmental impacts of unclaimed end of life vehicles
Contamination of soil and water supplies by leaking fluids e.g. engine oil, battery fluids, radiator and hydraulic fluids.
This is because unclaimed end of life vehicles were found to be stored in:
Area with an impervious floor - 4%
Indoors/covered - 10%
Open storage areas - 86%

24. Potential environmental impacts of unclaimed end of life vehicles…Cont
Good breeding grounds for mosquitoes and rodents
Visual pollution – obstruction due to limited space in the police station yards.
Health hazard risks – possible injuries by rusting, broken vehicle parts.

25. Conclusions
Build up of unclaimed end of life vehicles in police stations’ yards is an environmental burden.
Accidents contribute greatly to the end of life vehicle problem in Kenya.
Passenger cars and matatus are the predominant types of unclaimed end of life vehicles.
Kenya has no specific regulation policy on management and disposal of end of life vehicles.

26. Recommendations based on findings
Development of a national policy on end of life vehicles as a key strategy.
Enhanced campaigns to reduce road traffic accidents.
Affordable standardized full motor insurance cover needed.
Need to engage the services of storage providers and authorized treatment facilities.

27. Further research
More research necessary to explore the role of scrap metal dealers (metal merchants) in environmental management in Kenya.
Additional research needed to assess the environment performances of garages or treatment facilities dealing with end of life vehicles in Kenya.

28. Thank you very much for your attention