1. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

2. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
What do you know?

3. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Essential Standards:
What is the process of bone formation?
What are the structures of the long bones?
What are the structures of the skeletal system?
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

4. 206 Bones in the Body

5. Bone formation Identify the osteocytes. Osteo = bone Cyte = cell
Osteocyte=mature bone
cell
Microscopic mature bone cells
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

6. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Bone formation
Ossification: new minerals deposit to form bone
Discuss the process of ossification
How do we know ossification occurs?
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

7. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Bone formation
Ossification – Minerals replace previously formed cartilage
Embryonic skeleton starts as osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells) – then changes to cartilage
At 8 weeks, OSSIFICATION begins (Mineral matter begins to replace cartilage)
Infants bones are soft and pliable because of incomplete ossification
*Fontanel-soft spot on a baby’s head
As bones ossify, they become hard
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

8. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Bone formation
How do we know ossification occurs?
Long bones grow in length and ossify from the center to the ends.
Examples of ossification…
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

9. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Bone formation
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

10. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Bone formation
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

11. Discuss their possible function based on appearance
Types of Bones
Discuss their possible function based on appearance
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

12. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Types of Bones
Long bones
Found in the arms and legs
Constructed for weight-bearing and movement
Important site for hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Examples: femur and humerus
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

13. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Types of Bones
Flat bones
Provide organ protection and are important site for hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Examples: Bones of the skull, ribs, sternum
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

14. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Types of Bones
Short bones
Make flexible movement possible
Examples: Wrist bones (carpals), foot bones (tarsals)
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

15. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Types of Bones
Irregular bones
Odd shapes that do not fit into other categories
Have unique shape related to their function
Spinal column (vertebrae), ear bones
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

16. Structures of long bones
Identify structures of the long bones.
Compare spongy bone to compact bone.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

17. Structure of the long bones
Compare structures of the long bones.
Discuss the importance of having both types of bone tissue.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

18. Structure of Long Bone
Long bones are hollow and shaped like rods or shafts with rounded ends
DIAPHYSIS – shaft
Hollow cylinder of hard, compact bone
Makes long bone strong & hard, but light for movement
EPIPHYSES – at each end of diaphysis
(Epiphysis is the singular form)
Mostly spongy bone
Has many spaces filled with red bone marrow which produces red and white blood cells
Epiphyseal Plate-Cartilage between the epiphyses and the diaphysis
Site of growth in bone length
Growth ceases when all epiphyseal cartilage is transformed into bone
MEDULLARY CAVITY – center of shaft
Hollow space or cavity inside the diaphyses of the bone that contains the yellow bone marrow.
Yellow marrow started out as red marrow, but gradually turns to fat cells in long bones.
These fat cells can be converted to energy when needed and some WBC’s are made here

19. Structure of Long Bone (cont)
ENDOSTEUM – membrane within the bone that lines medullary canal & keeps cavity intact
PERIOSTEUM – tough, outside covering of bone
Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerves
Responsible for bone growth, bone repair, and nutrition
If periosteum is removed, bone will die

20. Structure of Long Bone (cont)
Articular Cartilage
Thin layer covers the epiphysis
Shock absorber between 2 bones that meet to form a joint

21. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton is blue
Axial Skeleton
 80 bones of the head and trunk
 Many of these bones protect the major organs of the body
 Consists of the bones which run down the middle of the body (its axis!)
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

22. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Skull frontal view
Identify the structures of the frontal view of the skull.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

23. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Skull lateral view
Identify the structures of the lateral view of the skull.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

24. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Skull
superior
view
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

25. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Skull
lateral
view
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

26. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skelton
Hyoid Bone
What is unique about the hyoid bone?
Only bone in body not attached to another bone
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

27. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Spinal column
Identify the structures of the spinal vertebra.
Vertebral Structure
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

28. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Spinal column
Identify the vertebrae in the spinal column.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

29. Spinal Column/Vertebrae
Encloses the Spinal Cord
Spine has five major sections
Cervical – 7 (neck)
Thoracic – 12 (connected to ribs)
Lumbar – 5 (heaviest, supports torso)
Sacrum – fused, shield-shaped bone (connects spine to pelvis)
Coccyx – 3-4 fused vertebrae (tailbone)

30. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Axial Skeleton
Spinal column
Identify the vertebrae in this x-ray.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

31. Ribs & Sternum Sternum – divided into 3 parts 12 pairs of ribs
Bottom tip is XIPHOID PROCESS
12 pairs of ribs
1st 7 are true ribs – connected to sternum by cartilage
Next 3 are false ribs – connected to 7th rib
Next 2 are floating

32. Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is beige.
Appendicular Skeleton
 Appendicular means “to hang” and these bones
are attached to or “hang” from the bones of the axial skeleton.
 Consists of the 126 bones of the arms (upper appendages), the legs (lower appendages), as
well as the bones of the hips and shoulders.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

33. Appendicular Skeleton
Clavicle – collar bone
Scapula – shoulder blade
Humerus – upper arm
Radius & Ulna – lower arm

34. Appendicular Skeleton (cont)
Carpals – wrist bones – held together by ligaments
Metacarpals – hand bones
Phalanges – fingers
Pelvis – 3 bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

35. Appendicular Skeleton (cont)
Femur – upper leg, longest and strongest bone in body
Tibia & Fibula – lower leg
Patella – kneecap

36. Appendicular Skeleton (cont)
Tarsal bones – ankle
Calcaneus – heel bone
Metatarsals – foot bones

37. Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Identify the structures of the shoulder girdle and upper extremities.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

38. Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder girdle
Identify the structures of the shoulder girdle and upper extremities.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

39. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic girdle
Identify the structures of the pelvic girdle and lower extremities.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

40. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic girdle
Identify the structures of the lower extremities.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

41. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvis
Identify the structures of the pelvis.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

42. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic girdle
Identify the structures of the pelvic girdle and lower extremities.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

43. Appendicular Skeleton
Pelvic girdle
Compare the male and female pelvis.
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

44. Joints
Joints are points of contact between 2 bones – classified according to movement:
SYNOVIAL FLUID – lubricating substance in joints
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – bone with ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips
HINGE JOINTS – move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers

45. Joints (cont)
PIVOT JOINT – those with an extension rotate on a 2nd, arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis
GLIDING JOINTS – flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine
SUTURE – immovable joint

46. Types of Motion FLEXION – bring 2 bones closer
EXTENSION – increase angle between 2 bones
ABDUCTION – extremity away from midline
ADDUCTION – toward the midline
CIRCUMDUCTION – Includes all above
ROTATION – moves around central axis
PRONATION – forearm turns palm down
SUPINATION – palm up

47. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints: Diarthroses
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

48. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Diarthroses = moveable joints
Four types
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

49. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Ball and socket
One bone has a ball at one end
The other has a concave socket
Allows for the greatest range of motion
Ex: shoulder
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

50. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints: Diarthroses
Example of a ball and socket joint.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

51. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Hinge joint
Move in one direction
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

52. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints: Diarthroses
Example of a hinge joint.
Define uniaxial.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

53. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Pivot joints
Bones that rotate across each other
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

54. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints: Diarthroses
Identify the pivot joints in this x-ray.
Identify other pivot joints.
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

55. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Gliding joint
Bones with flat surfaces that slide across each other
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

56. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Example of gliding joint
Give examples not pictured here
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

57. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Amphiarthroses
Partially movable joints
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

58. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Joints
Synarthroses
Immovable joints
Connected by fibrous connective tissue
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

59. Bursa and Synovial Membrane
Fluid-filled sac that contains the synovial membrane
Lined by synovial membrane
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

60. Bursa and Synovial Membrane
Capsule that encloses a joint
Lines the bursa
Contains synovial fluid
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

61. 1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system
Essential Standards:
What is the process of bone formation?
What are the structures of the long bones?
What are the structures of the skeletal system?
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

62. 1.02 Remember the structures of the
skeletal system
The End
1.02 Remember the structures of the skeletal system

63. Functions Supports body and provides shape Protects internal organs
Movement and anchorage of muscles
Mineral storage (Calcium and phosphorus)
Hemopoiesis – blood cell formation

64. Functions Of The Skeletal System
1. Support
Provides the framework to support the
body’s fat, muscles, and skin. Gives
shape to the body.
2. Protection
Protect delicate structures within them
(heart, lungs, brain) as well as
protecting bone marrow which is
responsible for forming blood cells.
3. Movement
Serves as a point of attachment for
skeletal muscles. As muscles contract and
shorten, they pull on bones and move them.

65. Functions (cont) 4. Storage Stores most of the body’s calcium supply.
98% of the body’s extracellular calcium is stored in bones.
Excess calcium in the
blood, calcium goes into bone for storage.
Lack of calcium in blood and it goes from bone to blood

66. Functions Of The Skeletal System
(continued)
5. Hemiopoiesis (hee-mo-poy-EE-sis)
 “Hemo” means blood and “poiesis” means to make.
 Blood cell formation takes place in the red bone
marrow.
 The average life of a RBC is 120 days so your
body must produce 3 million new RBC’s every
second!
 If your body’s need for red blood cells is greater
than what the body can supply, some of the fatty
yellow matter can be converted to red marrow.