1. Axial Skeleton

2. Axial Components
The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones forming the trunk and skull.
Vertebral Column: is composed of 26 bones.
From superior to inferior it consists of
7 cervical (neck),
12 thoracic
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 fused sacral bones
4 coccygeal
Ribs and Sternum: The axial skeleton also contains 12 pairs Ribs
Skull: The skull consists of 22 bones fused together to form a rigid structure
Other Parts: Other bones considered part of the axial skeleton are the middle ear bones

3. Appendicular Skeleton

4. Appendicular Composition
The appendicular skeleton forms the major internal support-the upper and lower extremities.
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremities
Form by the arms that are attached to and suspended from the axial skeleton via the shoulder (pectoral) girdle.
Upper limb from distal to proximal
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Extremities:
The lower extremities, or legs, are attached to the axial skeleton via the pelvic or hip girdle.
Lower Limb from Distal to Proximal

5. Characteristics of a Bone
Bones are form by connective tissue made by osteocytes cells
Bones are encased by a periosteum, a connective tissue sheath.
All bones have a central marrow cavity.

6. Bone Cells
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

7. Bone Type There are two types of bone in the skeleton: Compact bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone.
Bone Matrix

8. Types of Bone Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones
Sesamoid

9. Joints
The bones of the skeleton articulate with each other to perform structure or function.
Joints are
Immobile Joints
Mobile Joints

10. Types of Joints Ball and socket Hinge Rotating or pivot
Plane or gliding
Condylar

11. Fibrous Joints Also known as Synarthroses
Composed of bones united by fibrous tissue and are nonsynovial.
Types of FJ
Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

12. Cartilaginous Joints Also know as Amphiarthoses
Composed of 2 slightly moveable joints connected by fibrocartilage
Types of CJ
Synchondrosis
Symphysis

13. Synovial Joints Also known as Diarthoses
Provide free movement between joint.
Characteristics of Joint
Jnt cavity
Articular cartilage
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Fibrous capsule

14. (Cont.) Synovial Joints
Also known as Diarthoses
Provide free movement between joint.
Types of SJ
Uniaxial
Biaxial
Multi-axial

15. Specific Joints Shoulder: Sternoclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
Glenohumeral Joint
Scapulothoracic Joint

16. Works Cited Morrison Media LLC. “NPTAE Secrets.” 2008. 1-171. Print.
Miles, Scott. Scorebuilders.“PTA Exam.” 2010. 1