1. The Skeletal System

2. 3 Primary anatomical structures of interest to a personal trainer
Bones
Joints
Muscles

3. Did You know… The human skeleton is an active, living tissue
The body has a total of 206 bones
Most of the adult skeleton is replaced every 10 years
The skeleton has two parts – The Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Skeleton

4. The Skeletal System Consists of…
Cartilage
Resilient, semi-rigid form of connective tissue that reduces the friction and absorbs some shock in synovial joints.
Periosteum
A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints
Bone
Any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates.

5. Five Functions of Bone Support Protection Vitamin and Mineral Storage
Hematopoiesis
Movement

6. Support
Bones hold the body together by providing a structure for tissues and organs to form around
Gives a rigid structure
Without bones, tissues and organs would collapse onto each other
Bones hold the body upright

7. protection
The close proximity of the bones to vital organs (kidney, brain etc.) allows for solid protection of the organs.
The skull protects the brain
The vertebrae form a canal around the spinal cord

8. Vitamin and Mineral storage
Calcium
Phosphorous
Potassium
Bones are constantly being broken down to release minerals and other substances into the blood

9. Hematopoiesis
From infancy through puberty blood cell formation occurs in the medullary cavity of long bones
Following puberty blood cell formation shifts to the spinous processes of the vertebrae and bones of the head

10. movement Bones are attached to muscles, tendons and ligaments
Tendons attach bones to muscle
Ligaments attach bones to bones
The skeletal system moves when muscles are contracted
177 bones are involved in voluntary movement

11. The Skeletal System: Bone Structure

12. Bone Structure Diaphysis Epiphysis Long Shaft of Bone
Ends of the bones
Covered in articular cartilage
Epiphysis
Diaphysis

13. Bone Structure Epiphyseal Plate Epiphyseal Line
Forms after bones stop growing
Typically around the age of 20
Becomes a solid line
Epiphyseal Plate
Found in children and adolescents
Site for bone growth
Also known as the growth plate
If a fracture occurs in the Epiphyseal plate before a bones stop growing, growth could be stunted

14. Medullary Cavity Space located in the diaphysis Responsible for:
Blood cell formation
Storage of red and yellow bone marrow
Endosteum
Lines the medullary cavity
Contains cells necessary for bone development

15. Endosteum- Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts
Important for controlling the amount of bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Cells responsible for bone formation
Osteoclasts
Cells responsible for bone reabsorption
Bone Reabsorption
Process where osteoclasts break down bone and release minerals   transfers calcium from bone to the blood
During childhood bone formation exceed reabsorption, as we age reabsorption exceeds formation    leads to osteoporosis

16. Periosteum The outer layer of bone
Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments and tendons
Critical for:
Bone growth
Repair
Nutrition

17. Types of Bone There are five types of bones in the body Long Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

18. Long Bone Longer than wide Contain a diaphysis with medullary canal
Examples:
Femur
Tibia
Humerus
Ulna
Radius

19. Short Bone Relatively small and thick
Small amount of surface area for muscle attachment
Carpals of the hand
Tarsals of the foot

20. Flat Bone Sternum Ribs Thin and wide
Provide a large amount of surface area for muscle attachment
Scapula
Pelvis
Sternum
Ribs

21. Irregular Bone Oddly shaped bones
Provide a large surface area for muscle attachment
Sacrum and Coccyx
Vertebrae

22. Patella Sesdmoid Bone Shaped like sesame seeds
Found within tendons and joint capsules
Patella

23. Skeletal System
The size and shape of the skeleton is genetically determined
However, the skeleton can be greatly affected by the impact of regular physical activity
A bone’s size and shape fits best with its function – the more active you are the stronger your bones will be

24. The Skeletal System: Axial

25. Axial Skeleton 74 bones make up the axial skeleton
May sometimes see 80 bones because 6 bones of the inner ear are sometimes classified with the axial skeleton

26. Axial Skeleton-Functions
Provide the main axial support for the body
Protect the central nervous system
Protect the organs of the thorax

27. Axial Skeleton: Pieces & Parts
Skull
Hyoid
Vertebral Column
Ribs
Sternum

28. The SKull There are 22 bones in the skull.
8 bones make up the cranium which function to protect the brain.
The remaining bones make up the face.

29. The Hyoid Bone There is 1 Hyoid Bone
It primarily serves as an anchoring structure for the tongue.

30. Vertebral Column Vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae
Categorized by regions
Cervical (Neck)- 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)- smallest most delicate
Thoracic- 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) – each attached to a rib
Lumbar- 5 lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)- largest and heaviest
Sacrum -5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx- 4 fused vertebrae

31. Sternum There is 1 sternum Made up of 3 parts
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process
Protects the heart and lungs
Usually cracked when CPR is given

32. Ribs
There are 24 ribs
All ribs are attached in back to the thoracic vertebrae T1-T12.
Ribs 1 through 7 are each attached in front to the sternum by a costal cartilage, and therefore called "true" ribs.
Ribs 8 through 10, the "false" ribs are not attached to the sternum but to the costal cartilage of the 7th rib above.
Ribs 11 and 12 are called "floating" ribs, they are only attached to the vertebrae.

33. A. Skull
B. Mandible
C. Hyoid
D. Sternum
E. Vertebral Column
F. Ribs

34. The Skeletal System: Appendicular

35. Appendicular Skeleton
126 bones in total
Primary function: Locomotion
Includes bones of upper and lower limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles
Pelvic and pectoral girdles: The areas where the axial skeleton joins with the appendicular skeleton

36. Pectoral Girdle Made up of the clavicle and scapula
Attaches to the axial skeleton only at the sternum
Provides little support to upper body structures
Support is sufficient because the upper limbs do not bear the body’s weight

37. Upper Appendicular Skeleton & pectoral Girdle Bones
Clavicle and scapula
Upper Extremities
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals
Radius
Ulna
Humerus

38. A. Clavicle
B. Scapula
C. Humerus
D. Radius
E. Ulna

39. F. Carpals
G. Metacarpals
H. Phalanges

40. Bones of the Hand
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Carpals

41. Pelvic Girdle Made up of the ilium, ischium and pubis aka pelvis
Each side of the pelvic girdle is united by a strong joint called the pubic symphysis

42. Pelvic Girdle Supports the body’s weight
More extensive attachments to the axial skeleton due to the articulation with the sacrum

43. Lower Appendicular Skeleton & pelvic Girdle Bones
Pelvic Girdle (aka Pelvis)
Ilium, Ischium and pubis
Lower Extremities
Phalanges
Metatarsals
Tarsals
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Femur

44. A. Femur
B. Patella
C. Tibia
D. Fibula

45. E. Tarsals
F. Metatarsals
G. Phalanges

46. Bones of the Foot
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges