1. Nouns
Chapter 7

2. P.100 Exercise 2 Tomatoes Potatoes Fish Sandwiches Carrots Vegetables
Children
Branches
Mice
Enemies
Valleys
shelves
Beliefs
Women
Echoes
Photos
Zeros/zeroes
Crises
Curricula
offspring
Exercise 2
Tomatoes
Potatoes
Fish
Sandwiches
Carrots
Vegetables
Kangaroos
Geese
Donkeys
Deer
Wolves
sheep

3. Regular & Irregular plurals
Read p. 101
Complete Exercise 4 & 5 – p

4. P. 102 Exercise 4 -s -es -ves no change Beliefs Heroes Knives Deer
Chiefs
Boxes
Leaves
Fish
Clouds
Classes
Lives
sheep
Kilos
Matches
Loaves
Memos
Potatoes
Scarves
Photos
Tomatoes
Shelves
Videos
Fishes (not always)
wolves
Zoos

5. (6) Viruses are tiny. The virus that caused AIDS is 230 million times smaller than the period
At the end of a sentence. Some viral infections are difficult or impossible to treat.

6. Possessive nouns P. 105 To show possession, add an ‘s
The girl’s book is on the table.
The dog’s food is in his bowl.
The book’s cover is blue

7. Possessive nouns P.105
If a singular noun ends in –s, there are two possible forms:
Add an ‘s – Thomas’s
Add only an ‘ – Thomas’ (this is the more common form)

8. Possessive nouns pP.105 For plural nouns that don’t end in –s: Add ‘s
The men’s books are on the table.
The women’s fitting room is being painted.

9. Possessive nouns P.105 For plural nouns that end in –s: Add only add ‘
The girls’ books are on the table.
the managers’ reports have been copied.

10. Let’s practice P. 105 Exercise 8 Mrs. Smith’s Boy’s Boys’ children’s
Child’s
Sally’s
Bess’/Bess’s
Today’s
Month’s
Jack and Larry’s
Exercise 9
friends’
Friend’s
Father’s
Aunts’
Aunt’s
Bill’s
Boss’s/ boss’
Secretary’s
Astronauts'
People’s
Diplomats’
Diplomat’s

11. Let’s practice P. 106 Exercise 10 World’s Individual’s
Heroes’; the hero’s
Children’s; Adults’; children’s

12. Nouns as adjectives P. 107
When a noun is used as an adjective, it is used in its singular form.
The soup has vegetables It is vegetable soup.
The building has offices in it it is an office building.
When a noun is used as a modifier with a number expression, the noun is singular and a – (hyphen) is used.
She has a five-year-old son. (NOT - five years old son)
It was a two-hour test. (NOT – it was a two hours test)

13. Let’s practice p.107-108 exercise 12 Shoes…shoe Flowers…flower
Beans…bean
Babies…baby
Children…child
Salads…salad
Mosquitoes/mosquitos…mosquito
Two- hour…two hours
Ten years old…ten-year-old
Three-letter…three letters

14. Count and non-count nouns P. 109
A count noun:
May be preceded by a/an or one in the singular.
A chair
An apple
Takes a final –s/-es in the plural.
Two chairs/a lot of chairs
Three apples/a bowl of apples

15. Count and non-count nouns P.109
A non-count noun:
Is not immediately preceded by a/an/one
Has no plural form, so does not take a final –s/-es
Some furniture/a lot of furniture (NOT furnitures)
The internet (not internets)

16. Non-count nouns (list on p. 110)
Many noncount nouns refer to a whole that is made up of different parts (furniture)
Some represent whole masses that are made up of individual particles/elements (sugar/coffee)
Many noncount nouns are abstractions - they can’t be touched (luck)
Something from nature is often used as a non-count noun (sunshine/rain)
Many nouns can be both count and non-count, but the meaning changes:
Non-count: ann has brown hair.
Count: tom has a hair on his jacket

17. Let’s practice P
Exercise 17, 19

18. Using “a” or “x”: generic nouns P.114
Generic nouns make generalizations. A generic noun represents a whole class or group of things:
Singular count nouns: a banana is yellow.
Plural count nouns: Bananas are yellow.
Non-count nouns: fruit is good for you.

19. Using “A” or “Some”: indefinite nouns
Indefinite nouns are things (not symbols), but they are not specifically identified:
Singular count noun: I ate a banana.
(the speaker is not referring to a specific banana, just saying they ate one – the listener doesn’t need to know exactly which banana the speaker ate)
Plural count noun: I ate some bananas.
(specific bananas don’t matter – can also use X/two/several/a lot of….)
Non-count nouns: I ate some fruit.
(can also use x/a little/a lot of…)

20. Using “the”: definite nouns
A noun is definite when both the speaker and the listener are thinking about the same specific thing:
Singular count noun: thank you for the banana.
(listener knows which specific banana the speaker is talking about)
Plural count noun: thank you for the bananas.
Non-count noun: thank you for the fruit.
Notice: “the” is used with count and non-count nouns, unlike “a/an”

21. Let’s practice
Complete exercises 21 and 22

22. Article usage P.118
Use “the” when you know or assume that your listener knows (and is thinking about) the same specific person or thing you are referring to.
The sun is bright today.
Please hand this book to the teacher.
Sit at the desk that has the test with your name on it.

23. Article usage
Use “the” for the second mention of a indefinite noun (not generic).
Yesterday I saw some dogs. The dogs were chasing a cat. The cat was chasing a mouse. The mouse ran into a hole. The hole was in my kitchen wall. The wall obviously needs to be fixed.

24. Article usage
Do not use “the” with a plural count or non-count noun when you are making a generalization:
Apples are my favorite fruit. (NOT “the apples”))
Gold is a metal. (not “the gold”)

25. Article usage
A singular count noun (car) is always preceded by (1) an article (a/an/the), (2) this/that, or (3) a possessive pronoun:
i drove a car.
I drove that car.
I drove his car.
NOT: I drove car.

26. Let’s Practice P. 118,119,120
Complete exercises 26, 27, and 29

27. Expressions of quantity used with nouns P. 122
An expression of quantity can come before a noun.
Some expressions of quantity are only used with count nouns:
One, two, three, etc.
Both
A couple
A few
Several
Many
A number of
Examples:
Two apples
Both apples
A number of apples

28. Expressions of quantity used with nouns
Some are only used with non-count nouns:
A little
Much
A great deal of
Examples:
A little rice
Much rice
A great deal of rice

29. Expressions of quantity used with nouns
Some are used with both count and non-count nouns: No
Hardly any
Some/any
Most
A lot of
Lots of
Plenty of
All
Examples:
No apples/no rice
A lot of apples/a lot of rice
Plenty of apples/plenty of rice

30. Let’s practice P
Complete exercises 32, 33, and 34 – p

31. A few/few - a little/little P.126
A few and few are used with plural count nouns:
We sang a few songs.
We sang few songs.
A little and little are used with non-count nouns:
We listened to a little music.
We listened to little music.

32. A few/few - a little/little
A few and a little have a positive meaning – they emphasize that something exists.
She has been here only two weeks, but she already has made a few friends.
Positive idea: she has made some friends
I’ve been able to save a little money.
Positive idea: I have saved some money instead of spending it.

33. A few/few - a little/little
Few and little have a negative meaning – they emphasize that something is small or mostly absent:
She has few friends.
Negative idea: she has a very low number of friends.
I have saved very little money. (*very makes the amount even smaller)
Negative idea: I haven’t saved very much money.

34. Let’s practice P
Complete exercises 37, 38

35. Singular expressions of quantity: one/each/every P. 129
One, each, and every are followed immediately by singular count nouns:
One student was late to class.
Each student has a schedule.
Every student has a schedule.

36. Singular expressions of quantity: one/each/every
One of, each of, and every one of are followed immediately by The + a plural count noun:
One of the students was late to class.
Each of the students has a schedule.
Every one of the students has a schedule

37. Let’s practice
Complete exercises 42 and 43

38. Using of in expressions of quantity P. 131
Of is used with specific nouns:
One of those books is mine.
Some of the books are yours.
And with pronouns:
Many of my books are in Spanish.
Most of them are paperbacks.

39. Using of in expressions of quantity
Some expressions of quantity, such as a lot of, always include of whether the noun is nonspecific or specific:
I have a lot of books.
I’ve read a lot of those books.

40. Using of in expressions of quantity
With some expressions of quantity, of is not used with the noun is nonspecific:
I bought one book.
I bought many books.

41. Let’s practice Complete exercise 45 – p. 131
Complete chapter review packet