2. OPTICAL COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY
NIKHIL E.J
EL 3
ROLL NO:31
MTI THRISSUR

3. CONTENTS; INTRODUCTION NEED OF OPTICS IN COMPUTING OPTICAL COMPUTER
VCSEL
SMART PIXEL TECHNOLOGY
WDM
SLM
MERITS
DRAWBACKS
FUTURE TRENDS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

4. Introduction
Optical computing was a hot research area in 1980’s. But the work tapered off due to materials limitations.
Using light, instead of electric power, for performing computations.
This choice is motivated by several features that light has:
It is very fast.
It can be easily manipulated (divided, transported, delayed, split, etc)
It is very well suited for parallelization.

5. More…
Optical computing technology is, in general, developing in two directions.
One approach is to build computers that have the same architecture as present day computers but using optics that is Electro optical hybrids.
Another approach is to generate a completely new kind of computer, which can perform all functional operations in optical mode.

6. Why we Use Optics for Computing?
One of the theoretical limits on how fast a computer can function is given by Einstein’s principle that “signal cannot propagate faster than speed of light”.
To make computers faster, their components must be smaller and there by decrease the distance between them.
Optical computing can solve miniaturization problem.
Optical data processing can be performed in parallel.
In optical computing, the electrons are replaced by photons

7. Silicon Machines Vs Optical Computers

8. OPTICAL COMPUTER
An optical computer (also called a photonic computer) is a device that uses the PHOTONS in visible light or infrared beams, rather than electric current to perform digital computations.
An optical computer, besides being much faster than an electronic one, might also be smaller.
Bright flashes of laser light can be sent hundreds of miles along fine strands of specially made glass or plastic called OPTICAL FIBERS.
Instead of transistors, such a computer will have TRANSPHASORS .

9. More…
And unlike transistors, transphasors can be built to handle several incoming signals at once.
Beams of light can crisscross and overlap without becoming mixed up, whereas crossed electric currents would get hopelessly confused.
The arrangement of connections and switches would not have to be flat, as in an electronic computer. It could be placed in any direction in space, allowing totally new designs in information processing.

10. Optic Fiber cables made of glass or plastic
Glass optic fiber
Plastic optic fiber

11. SOME KEY OPTICAL COMPONENTS FOR COMPUTING
VCSEL
SMART PIXEL TECHNOLOGY
WDM
SLM

12. 1. VCSEL (VERTICAL CAVITY SURFACE EMITTING LASER)
VCSEL(pronounced‘vixel’)is a semiconductor vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode that emits light in a cylindrical beam vertically from the surface of a fabricated wafer.
But rather than reflective ends, in a VCSEL there are several layers of partially reflective mirrors above and below the active layer.
Layers of semiconductors with differing compositions create these mirrors, and each mirror reflects a narrow range of wavelengths back in to the cavity in order to cause light emission at just one wavelength.

13. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
850nm VCSEL

14. Optical interconnection of circuit boards using VCSEL and PHOTODIODE

15. 2. SMART PIXEL TECHNOLOGY
Smart pixel technology is a relatively new approach to integrating electronic circuitry and optoelectronic devices in a common framework.
Here, the electronic circuitry provides complex functionality and programmability.
While the optoelectronic devices provide high-speed switching and compatibility with existing optical media.
Arrays of these smart pixels leverage the parallelism of optics for interconnections as well as computation..

16. WDM (WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING)
Wavelength division multiplexing is a method of sending many different wavelengths down the same optical fiber.
WDM can transmit up to 32 wavelengths through a single fiber, but cannot meet the bandwidth requirements of the present day communication systems.
Nowadays DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing) is used. This can transmit up to 1000 wavelengths through a single fiber. That is by using this we can improve the bandwidth efficiency.

17. 4.SLM (SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS)
SLM play an important role in several technical areas where the control of light on a pixel-by-pixel basis is a key element, such as optical processing and displays.
For display purposes the desire is to have as many pixels as possible in as small and cheap a device as possible.

18. Less loss in communication
MERITS
Optical computing is at least 1000 to times faster than today’s silicon machines.
Optical storage will provide an extremely optimized way to store data, with space requirements far lesser than today’s silicon chips.
No short circuits, light beam can cross each other without interfering with each other’s data.
Higher performance
Higher parallelism
Less heat is released
Less noise
Less loss in communication

19. DRAWBACKS
Today’s materials require much high power to work in consumer products, coming up with the right materials may take five years or more.
Optical computing using a coherent source is simple to compute and understand, but it has many drawbacks like any imperfections or dust on the optical components will create unwanted interference pattern due to scattering effects.
Optical components and their production is still expensive
New expensive high-tech factories have to be built

20. FUTURE TRENDS
The Ministry of Information Technology has initiated a photonic development program. Under this program some funded projects are continuing in fiber optic high-speed network systems. Research is going on for developing new laser diodes, photo detectors, and nonlinear material studies for faster switches.

22. CONCLUSION
Research in optical computing has opened up new possibilities in several fields related to high performance computing, high-speed communications. To design algorithms that execute applications faster ,the specific properties of optics must be considered, such as their ability to exploit massive parallelism, and global interconnections. As optoelectronic and smart pixel devices mature, software development will have a major impact in the future and the ground rules for the computing may have to be rewritten.

23. REFERENCES;
[1] See for example: Chemical and Engineering News, “Photonic Crystals
Assembled on Chip”, 79(47), 31 (2001).
[2] P. Boffi, D. Piccinin, M.C. Ubaldi, (Eds.), Infrared Holography for
Optical Communications—Techniques, Materials and Devices, Springer—
Topics in Applied Physics: Vol 86, July 2002.
[3] Alain Goulet, Makoto Naruse, and Masatoshi Ishikawa, “Simple
integration technique to realize parallel optical interconnects: implementation
of a pluggable two-dimensional optical data link”, Applied
Optics 41, 5538 (2002)
[4] Tushar Mahapatra, Sanjay Mishra, Oracle Parallel Processing, O’Reilly
& Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, California, USA, 2000.
[5] S. J. van Enk, J. McKeever, H. J. Kimble, and J. Ye, “Cooling of a single
atom in an optical trap inside a resonator,” Phys. Rev. A 64,
(2001).
[6] A. Dodabalapur, Z. Bao, A. Makhija, J. G. Laquindanum, V. R. Raju, Y.
Feng, H. E. Katz, and J. Rogers, “Organic smart pixels”, Appl. Phys.
Lett. 73, 142 (1998).
[7] Henning Sirringhaus, Nir Tessler, and Richard H. Friend, “Integrated
Optoelectronic Devices Based on Conjugated Polymers”, Science 280,
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