1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe
Chapter 21

2. Section 1-Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

3. A Powerful Spanish Empire
Philip II-
Son of Charles V
Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and Spain’s American colonies
Philip was shy, serious, deeply religious, and aggressive for the sake of his empire

4. A Powerful Spanish Empire
Philip II’s Empire-
Controlled Portugal’s holdings, strongholds in Africa, India, and the East Indies
Received 1/4th to 1/5th of each ships treasure
Supported an army of 50,000
Defended and supported Catholicism against Muslims

5. Golden Age of Spanish Literature
During the 16th and 17th century Spain experienced a golden age in arts
El Greco-
Means “the Greek”
Paintings represented the deep Catholic faith of Spain
Were often hard to understand
Diego Velazquez-
His paintings reflected the pride of the Spanish monarchy

7. Golden Age of Spanish Literature
Don Quixote-Published in 1605
Called the birth of the modern European novel
Written by Miguel de Cervantes
Story surrounds a poor man who read to many novels about kings, than went crazy

8. The Spanish Empire Weakens
Inflation and Taxes
Inflation-The decline in the value of money
Causes of Spanish inflation
Population had increased and due to the increased need for goods merchants raised prices
The value of the silver bullion had decreased

9. The Spanish Empire Weakens
Making Spain’s Enemies Rich
Spain bought most of their products from France, England and the Netherlands
To finance their wars they borrowed money from German and Italian bankers

10. The Independent Dutch Prosper
The Netherlands won their independence from Spain in 1579
They had the best banks and the best artists in Europe during the 1600’s
Rembrandt van Rijn-
Painted wealthy middle-class merchants and groups
Famous works also included The Night Watch and a series of paintings about Jesus

14. The Independent Dutch Prosper
Dutch Trading Empire-
Had the largest fleet of ships in the world
4,800 ships
Dutch East Indian Company-
Dominated the spice trade and the Indian Ocean trade

15. Absolutism in Europe Absolute Monarchs- Divine Right-
Kings or Queens held all the power within their states boundaries
Divine Right-
The belief that God created the monarch and monarchy to act as representatives of God

16. Section 2-The Reign of Louis XIV

17. Religious Wars and Power Struggles
Henry IV-
In 1589 became the 1st king of the Bourbon dynasty in France
He was decisive, fearless in battle and a clever politician
Converted to Catholicism to make the people of France happy

18. Religious Wars and Power Struggles
Edict of Nantes-
Declaration of religious tolerance that allowed the Huguenots to set up their own place of worship

19. Religious Wars and Power Struggles
Cardinal Richelieu-
A strong minister appointed by Louis XIII to compensate for his weakness
Took two steps to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy
Moved against the Huguenots
Felt Protestantism was an excuse for conspiracies against the Catholic Church
Sought to weaken the power of nobles

20. Writers Turn Towards Skepticism
The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
To doubt was viewed as the first step to discovering the truth

21. Louis XIV Comes to Power
Most powerful ruler in French History
Viewed the state and himself as one and the same
His goal was to become so strong that the nobles could never threaten him

22. Louis XIV Comes to Power
Intendants-Government agents who collected taxes and administered justice in France under Louis XIV
Jean Baptiste Colbert-Minister of France who believed they should be self sufficient
Fan of mercantilism
Gave tax breaks to French companies
Recognized how vital France’s colonies were in terms of receiving raw materials

23. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
By 1660 France had a population of 20 million people
France’s army was superior to the other European Countries in:
The size of their army
Their training
Their weaponry

24. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
The War of Spanish Succession-
Lasted from 1701 to 1714
Charles II of Spain had promised the throne to France’s Philip of Anjou
England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal and several German and Italian states joined forces to prevent the union of the France and Spain thrones

25. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
The War of Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht-Stated that Philip could remain king of Spain as long as both thrones remained separate
England emerges as the big winner
They captured the fort at Gibraltar
Received permission to send slaves to Spain’s American colonies
England also received Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (In modern day Canada)

26. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
Louis’ Death and His Legacy
Positive Effects:
France ranked as the best European country in terms of art, literature, and statesmanship
Strongest military power in Europe
Negative Effects:
The Palace of Versailles plunged France into debt
There was resentment over high taxes and Louis’ abuse of power

27. Section 3-Central European Monarchs Clash

28. The Thirty Years’ War The Thirty Years’ War
A conflict over religion, territory, and power among European ruling families that lasted from 1618 to 1648.
It can be broken down into two main phases:
The Hapsburg Triumphs
The Hapsburg Defeats

29. The Thirty Years’ War The Hapsburg Triumphs
Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain crushed Protestant forces in Germany and those hired by princes as well as the Czech uprising
Ferdinand II paid his 125,000 man army by allowing them to loot the areas they attacked

30. The Thirty Years’ War The Hapsburg Defeats-
1630 Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his 23,000 man army drove the Hapsburg army out of Germany
1635 Cardinal Richelieu sent French troops to help German and Swedish protestants fighting the Hapsburgs

31. The Thirty Years’ War Peace of Westphalia-1648
Weakened the Hapsburg states of Austria and Germany
Awarded France German territory
Made German princes independent of the Holy Roman Empire
Ended religious wars in Europe
Created a method of negotiations for reaching peace

32. States Form in Central Europe
Economic Contrasts in the West
Serfs in the west moved to towns and gained economic power through capitalism
The aristocracy in Central Europe passed laws to restrict the serfs ability to gain freedom
The Ottoman Empire and Holy Roman Empire had been severely weakened by the 1600’s

33. Persia Challenges Austria
Frederick “The Great”-
Loved music, philosophy and poetry
His father feared he wasn’t militarily savvy enough to rule
When he and his friend ran away his punishment was to watch his friends beheading
He encouraged religious tolerance, legal reform and felt a king should act like a father to his people

34. Persia Challenges Austria
The Seven Years’ War-
1756 Frederick attacked Saxony as a result all major European powers were now at war
Britain and Persia on one side
Austria, France, and Russia on the other
The war was fought in Europe, India and North America
The War ended in 1763 with no major territorial changes