1. Bell Work 9/13/16
Explain the difference in Thomas Hobbes and John Locke.
What is absolutism?

2. Absolutism in Europe
Chapter 5

3. Europe in Crisis
Chapter 5/Section 1

4. Why it Matters The constitutional monarchy in Europe was ended.
Religious wars between Protestants and Catholics increased.

5. Spain’s Conflicts
Protestant and Catholicism wanted to win converts and eliminate each other’s authority.

6. Spain’s Conflicts
King Philip II was the greatest supporter of Catholicism in the late 1500s.
He used Catholicism to try to create unity and make everyone accept Catholicism.
Philip II

7. Spain’s Conflicts
Spain thought they were chosen by God to save Catholicism.
The Spanish reconquered much of the Muslim lands as well.

8. Resistance from the Netherlands
In 1566, Philip II sent troops to crush Protestantism in the Netherlands.
William the Silent dragged on the struggle until a truce was signed in 1609
This truce created the United Provinces of Netherlands which was the core of the modern Dutch State.

9. Protestantism in England
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Tudor took over the Church of England and led it to more Protestantism.
Elizabeth tried to keep a balance of power between Spain and rest of Europe, but came into conflict with Spain.
Elizabeth Tudor: 35
Elizabeth
Elizabeth I

10. Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Elizabeth Trailer
Spain wanted to crush all Protestantism, so in 1588, Philip II wanted to send an armada-a fleet of warships-to overthrow Protestant England.
In the end, the English won, and the power of Europe remained with England and France.
Battlefield: Spanish Armada

11. Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Elizabeth Trailer
6. Based on the article about the Spanish Armada, the worst tragedy that faced the Spanish was the loss of Don Alonso de Leiva and his flagship the La Rata Santa Maria Encommado. Once his ship wrecked, most of the men died. The text explains, “All but a handful of the crew perished, including Don Alonso.”
Battlefield: Spanish Armada

12. French Wars of Religion
The Catholic French kings wanted to end Protestantism in France, but it continued to spread.
This conflict would be known as the French Wars of Religion from

13. French Wars of Religion
The Huguenots were a group of French Protestants that threatened the Crown.
In 1594, the Huguenot leader, Henry IV, realized they would not be accepted, so he converted to Catholicism. Thus ending the fighting in France.
Henry IV
Henry IV Play

14. French Wars of Religion
Henry IV then issued the Edict of Nantes in which recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave Huguenots the right to worship.

15. Crisis in Europe
In the 1600s-1700s, Europe faced major inflation- a rise in prices.
All countries economies were failing, and so was trade.

16. Witchcraft Trials
Population decreased as well, partly because of the witchcraft trials.
Witchcraft had been part of the culture and hysteria and religion led to a hunt to end witchcraft.
Usually, people were tortured until they confessed.
Witches
Witchcraft

17. Thirty Years’ War
The Thirty Years’ War, also called the “last of the religious wars,’ was a conflict between the Catholic of the Holy Roman Empire and the Protestants.
France also emerged as a stronger force.
It involved most major European powers and took place in Germany in 1618.
Thirty Years War

18. The Peace of Westphalia officially ended the war in 1648.
Thirty Years’ War
The Peace of Westphalia officially ended the war in 1648.
The Peace of Westphalia also divided the Holy Roman Empire into independent states.
Peace of Westphalia

19. Bell Work 2/23/16 What two nations rose after the Thirty Years’ War?
How did Peter the Great transform Russia?

20. War and Revolution in England
Chapter 5/Section 2

21. Why it Matters
The social and political change in England led to questions about the balance of government power, and it would create many modern democracies.
America Democracy

22. Revolutions in England
The most famous civil war in England was the English Revolution.
It was over the roles between the king and Parliament.
English Civil War
English Civil War

23. Revolutions in England
The Stuart dynasty took over in 1603 with King James I.
James I believed divine right of kings, meaning God appointed the king to rule.
James Bible

24. Revolutions in England

25. Revolutions in England
Puritans did not like the king’s authority in the Church of England, and they wanted the church to become more Protestant.
America: Rebels:10

26. Revolutions in England
Drive Thru: Mayflower Compact
In 1628, Charles I accepted a Petition of Right which limited the king’s power, but he later ignored it which forced thousands of Puritans to move to America.
Drive Thru: Pilgrim Separatist

27. Revolutions in England
Charles I
Cromwell
Complaints grew and led to a civil war in between the king and Parliament.
Parliament would be victorious because of the New Model Army of Oliver Cromwell.
They executed Charles I and set up a commonwealth, a type of republic.
To Kill a King

28. Revolutions in England
Charles II
When Cromwell died in 1658, Charles II restored the Stuart monarchy and passed the rule to his son, James II, but Parliament continued to rule and support Anglicans.
A group of English nobles convinced Dutch leader, William of Orange, to invade England in 1688.

29. Revolutions in England
William of Orange
William of Orange forced James to retreat with virtually no bloodshed, England had undergone a “Glorious Revolution.”
The issue was not if there would be a monarch, but who would be a monarch.
Glorious Revolution

30. Revolutions in England
William and Mary
Bill of Rights
In the end, in 1689, Parliament gave the throne to William and Mary who accepted the Bill of Rights which gave authority to Parliament.
Parliament also passed the Toleration Act of which granted Puritans the right of free worship.

31. Legal and Political Thought
The conflict and concerns introduced new legal and political thought.
William Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England argued political stability is achieved by common law.
Blackstone's Influence

32. Legal and Political Thought
1. According to the Commentaries on the Laws of England, Blackstone explains that the laws of nature are those laws that God formed at the beginning of time. For example, the text explains, “Thus when the supreme being formed the universe, and created matter out of nothing, he impressed certain principles upon that matter.” Thus meaning God has created certain natural laws that keep the universe functioning.

33. Legal and Political Thought
2. Based on the Commentaries on the Laws of England, Blackstone describes that the supreme being dictates life through putting all the laws into motion. For example, he writes, “When he [supreme being] put that matter into motion, he established certain laws of motion, to which all movable bodies must conform.” The supreme being set life into motion and continues to be involved in life.

34. Legal and Political Thought
3. Commentaries on the Laws of England by William Blackstone completely and thoroughly explains that man must be subject to the laws of his creator because man is part of nature and must rely on his or her creator. Blackstone writes, “A being, independent of any other, has no rule to pursue, but such as he prescribes to himself: but a state of dependence will inevitable oblige the inferior to take the will of him.”

35. Legal and Political Thought
4. William Blackstone, in the Commentaries on the Laws of England, explained that there are certain laws that were created by God that are specific, immutable laws of good and evil that should be used to conduct human actions. Blackstone describes that these laws are those of justice and morality. As Blackstone writes, “But as his also a being of infinite wisdom, he has laid down only such laws as were founded in those relations of justice, that existed in the nature of things antecedent to any positive precept.”

36. Legal and Political Thought
5. The Commentaries on the Laws of England by William Blackstone is a ____________ form of laws and ideas because ____________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________. For example, Blackstone explains “__________ _____________________________________.”

37. Legal and Political Thought
Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan argued people agreed to an absolute ruler to preserve order.
John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government argued against the absolute rule of one person and that all humans have natural rights.
John Locke influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence more than any other person.
Hobbes Say
Locke and America

38. Bell Work 9/14/16 How was absolutism displayed in Prussia and Austria?
How did Peter the Great transform Russia?

39. Absolutism in Europe
Chapter 5/Section 3

40. Why it Matters
Several European nations turned to an absolute monarchy, led by France’s Louis XIV.
Spain declined as a world power.

41. France Under Louis XIV
Absolutism
Absolutism is seeking stability by increasing the power of the monarch.
Leaders ruled by divine right of kings.
The best example of absolutism in Europe was France under Louis XIV.
Louis XIV

42. France Under Louis XIV
The monarch of France increased because of Cardinal Richelieu’s fears of the Huguenots.
Musketeers
Richelieu

43. Louis XIV established his royal court at Versailles.
France Under Louis XIV
Louis XIV established his royal court at Versailles.
Louis XIV removed all nobles and took absolute power
He attempted to convert everyone to Catholicism.
Rise and Fall of Versailles

44. France Under Louis XIV
Louis XIV waged wars to gain more territory and proclaimed himself as “Sun King.”
He died in 1715 and left France surrounded by enemies and in great poverty and debt.
Engineering: 11:00

45. Spread of Absolutism
After the Thirty Years’ War, Prussia and Austria rose as two great European powers.

46. Spread of Absolutism Prussia
Fredrick William the Great created the foundation for Prussia.
Fredrick William created the General War Commissariat as the civil government.
Fredrick William

47. Spread of Absolutism Austria
The Hapsburgs created the core of the Austrian Empire.
They were made up of many different national groups.

48. Russia
A new Russian state emerged in the sixteenth century by Ivan IV (or Ivan the Terrible) and became the first czar.
When Ivan IV’s dynasty ended, the Romanov dynasty would rule from
Ivan Terrible
Ivan IV

49. Russia The best well-known Romanov leader was Peter the Great in 1689.
Peter set up an absolute monarchy, modernized Russia, and introduced Western culture into Russia.
He created a “Window to the West” trading port with Europe at his new city, St. Petersburg, which remained the capital of Russia until
Peter the Great
Tsars: Peter the Great

50. European Culture After the Renaissance
Chapter 5/Section 4

51. Why it Matters
New art of the Mannerists and baroque movements reflected the religious and political movements of the time.
It created modern art, writings, and theater.

52. Mannerism
When the Renaissance ended a new art movement called Mannerism emerged in the 1500s.
It reflected the new culture and elongated figures were used to show emotion.
Mannerism

53. Mannerism hit its high point with El Greco “The Greek” in Venice.
His figures are elongated and portrayed religious tensions.
El Greco

54. Baroque Art Mannerism was replaced by baroque.
Baroque art blended classical ideas from the Renaissance and the spiritual feelings of the Reformation.
Baroque art shows drama and rich color to produce an emotional experience.
It was adopted by the Catholic reform movement.

55. Baroque Art
The greatest baroque artist was Gian Lorenzo Bernini who completed Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
He constructed the Throne of Saint Peter in the Basilica which is considered the greatest achievement.
Saint Peter's Basilica
Bernini

56. Baroque Art
Baroque artist Peter Paul Rubens was best known for the human form in action.
Peter Paul Rubens

57. What Arts Say About Culture
2014
2015
2016

58. Elizabethan Era
Great Composer: Bach
Some of the best-known music was created during this time.
Johann Sebastian Bach was a composer from Germany.
He is best known for his work Mass in B Minor.
He is one of the greatest composers of all time.
Gloria
Bach

59. Elizabethan Era
George Frideric Handel from Germany is best known for his religious music, such as Messiah.
He is the best known baroque musician and esteemed by his fellow composers.
Handel
Hallelujah Chorus

60. Elizabethan Era
Theater became one of the most popular forms of entertainment between 1580 and 1640, and became known as the Elizabethan Era.

61. Elizabethan Era
Romeo and Juliet
Search of Shakespeare
The most famous Elizabethan dramatists was William Shakespeare.
He came to London in 1592.
He wrote plays, acted, and partly owned the Globe theater.
The Globe theater was a large circular theater that were for lower classes.
Shakespeare
Shakespeare Williams

62. Elizabethan Era
Shakespeare created new words in the English language and revealed much about human psychology in his work.
Globe
The Globe

63. Golden Age of Literature

64. He wrote Don Quixote which portrayed human perspective.
Elizabethan ErA
The best known Spanish writer during this time was Miguel de Cervantes.
He wrote Don Quixote which portrayed human perspective.
Quixote

65. Golden Age of Literature
1. The most chivalrous virtue that Don Quixote embodied was bravery and courage. For example, Don Quixote rushed towards the “giants” in order to slay the beasts and protect the land. As Cervantes writes, “he rushed on, shouting in a loud voice: “fly not, cowards and vile caitliffs; one knight alone attacks you!””

66. Golden Age of Literature
2. In the book Don Quixote, the main character, Quixote proves his nobility by charging into danger by himself to protect his native land. As the text explains, “It is clear that you are not experienced in adventures. Those are giants, and if you are afraid, turn aside and pray whilst I enter into fierce and unequal battle with them.”

67. Golden Age of Literature
3. Miguel Cervantes’ Don Quixote shows a foolish side of Don Quixote’s imagination in the scene where he charges windmills believing they are giants. Quixote would not listen to his loyal friend, and instead, still went into battle against a windmill because he thought it was a giant. The text explains, “…without heeding the cries of his squire, Sancho, who warned him that he was not going to attack giants, but windmills.”

68. Golden Age of Literature
Spaniard, Lope de Vega, created the standard for playwrights.
He created over 1,500 plays which helped create the professional theater that spread all over the world.
Lope de Vega