2. The female reproductive system is immature at birth and reaches maturity at puberty to be able to produce ova, and to carry a fetus to full term. Function i. Ova production by two ovaries ii. Production of sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) by ovaries that responsible for menstruation and development of secondary sexual characters. iii. Transport, fertilize ova and implant zygot by two fallopian tubes and uterus

3. 1. Vagina: (birth canal)
It is a fibromuscular canal lined with stratified squamous epithelium that connect uterus to the female external genital opening (vulva). It is longer in the posterior wall (around 9 cm) than anteriorly (approximately 7 cm). The vaginal walls are normally in apposition, except at the vault, where they are separated by the cervix. Superiorly the vagina is divided into four fornices (folds formed between the cervix and the wall of the vagina) posterior, anterior and two lateral.

4. The vaginal walls are folded with transverse folds (rugose)
The vaginal walls are folded with transverse folds (rugose). The vagina is kept moist by secretions from the uterine and cervical glands and by some transudation from its epithelial lining. It has no glands. The epithelium is thick and rich in glycogen, which increases in the postovulatory phase of the cycle. The PH of vagina around (4.5) maintained by bacterial normal flora called lactobacilli.

5. Relations Anteriorly: bladder and urethra Posteriorly: pouch of douglas, rectum

6. cervix
It is the lower third of uterus. Connect uterus with the vagina through the endicervical canal. Approximately it is 2.5 cm in length. It consist of the following anatomical areas:
1. Ectocervix (External os)
2. Endocervix (Internal os)
3. Endocervical canal connects between them

7. The long axis of the cervix is rarely the same as the long axis of the body of the uterus. The lower vaginal portion projects into the vagina to form the fornices. The upper part of the cervix mostly consists of involuntary muscle, whereas the lower part is mainly fibrous connective tissue.

8. The epithelium of the endocervix is ciliated, columnar, glandular epithelium in its upper two- thirds and changes to stratified squamous epithelium around the region of the ectocervix (external os). This squamocolumnar junction is also known as the transformation zone and is an area of rapid cell division; approximately 90 per cent of cervical carcinoma arises in this area.

10. uterus:
Is shaped like an inverted pear, tapering interiorly to the cervix. In the non-pregnant state is situated entirely within the pelvis. It is hollow and has thick muscular walls. Its maximum external dimensions are approximately 7.5 cm long, 5 cm wide and 3 cm thick. An adult uterus weighs about 70 gm.

11. uterus: The uterus consisting of the following anatomical regions:
1. fundus is the upper part.
2. body or corpus.
3. cornu : area of insertion of each fallopian tube.
4. isthmus is lower central constricted area. It is the place where the body of the uterus joining the cervix
5. cervix.

12. uterus:
The wall of uterus has the following layers: 1-The outer serous Layer (perimetrium) :The perimetrium covers the body of the uterus 2-The middle muscular layer (myometrium): The muscular myometrium forms the main bulk of the uterus and comprises interlacing smooth muscle fibres, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

13. 3-The inner mucous layer (endometrium(: The inner endometrial layer has tubular glands. The endometrial layer is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium. The endometrium undergoes cyclical changes according to estrogen and progesterone level in menstrual cycle then it will be lost during menstruation.

14. Position of the uterus:
Anteversion: it is the normal position of the uterus when the longitudinal axis of the uterus is, approximately, at right-angles to the vagina with a forward bending.
20 % of women, this tilt is not forward but backward and called retroversion.

15. The Fallopian tubes:
each tube extends outwards from the uterine cornu to end near the ovary. The tubes (oviducts) convey the ovum from the ovary towards the uterus, which provides oxygenation and nutrition for sperm, ovum and zygote after fertilization. Each tube is about 10 cm long and lined by ciliated columnar epithelium.

16. The fallopian tube is described in four parts:
1. the interstitial portion lies within the wall of the uterus. 2. the isthmus is the narrow portion adjoining the uterus. 3. the ampulla the widest and longest portion. It is the normal site of fertilization. 4. the infundibulum, or fimbrial portion, the terminal part of the tube, where the funnel-shaped opening of the tube into the peritoneal cavity is surrounded by finger-like processes, called fimbriae.

17. The Fallopian tubes:
The inner surfaces of the fimbriae are covered by ciliated epithelium, which is similar to the lining of the Fallopian tube itself. One of these fimbriae is longer than the others and extends to, and partly embraces, the ovary.

18. The ovary:
Is the only intra-abdominal structure not to be covered by peritoneum. Each ovary is attached to adjacent structures and organs by ligaments which are as the following:
Mesometrium ligament attachs ovary to the uterus
Mesosalpings ligament attachs ovary to the fallopian tube
Mesovarian which contain blood vessels supply and nerve
All these three ligaments form what's called broad ligament.
Laterally, the suspensory ligament of ovary attach it with folds of peritoneum.

19. The ovary:
In the young adult they are almond shaped, solid, a greyish pink and approximately 3cm long, 1.5cm wide and 1 cm thick. In the child, the ovaries are small structures, approximately 1.5cm long. They have a smooth surface. After the menopause, no active follicles are present and the ovary becomes a small, shrunken structure with a wrinkled surface.

21. The ovary: The ovary has three histologicly distinct layers:
Cortex: the outer layer covered by a single layer of cuboidal germinal epithelial cells. The cortex containing follicles in different stages of development.
Medulla: central vascular medulla consisting of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve and smooth muscles.
Hilum : site of blood vessels (ovarian artery, vein), nerve and lymph entry.